304
A. Maity et al.
6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
CRDS has proved to be a useful analytical method for the high-resolution investigation of molecular species with ultra-low concentrations in the levels of ppb to ppt in
a variety of environments. The technique is more superior in comparison to the traditional absorption spectroscopy technique when sensitivity and molecular selectivity
are considered. It has enormous potential for online and real-time measurements
of the molecular species. The technique provides the direct and accurate quantitative estimations of several weak and strong absorbing molecular species and their
isotopic constituents. Although several commercial CRDS-based spectrometers are
available for trace detection of atmospheric constituents but such type of spectroscopic tools are not still available that can be used for non-invasive medical diagnostics. Also, there are still some gaps of using the CRDS technique for the detection
radicals. Although the NICE-OHMS technique has shown its capability in terms
of the highest sensitivity, but its practical applications are still limited for the field
deployment. Moreover, numerous breath biomarkers have recently been identified
for diagnosis of several complex diseases that will drive to the development of more
robust and portable CRDS based tools which can be installed in hospital environments
for routine clinical purposes. Moreover, terahertz region remains still unexplored. In
addition to that, the condensed phase applications of this optical technique are also
limited. Taken together, it suggests that there are plenty of opportunities to explore
the CRDS technique in several other areas of science in the future.
References
1. A. O’Keefe, D.A.G. Deacon, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544–2551 (1988)
2. R.D. Van Zee, J.T. Hodges, J.P. Looney, Appl. Opt. 38, 3951–3960 (1999)
3. D. Romanini, A.A. Kachanov, N. Sadeghi, F. Stoeckel, Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 316–322 (1997)
4. B. Koch, Atmospheric Traces Monitoring Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (2003)
5. S. Maithani, S. Mandal, A. Maity, M. Pal, M. Pradhan, Analyst 143, 2109–2114 (2018)
6. J.W. Hahn, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, J.W. Kim, H.W. Lee, Appl. Opt. 38, 1859–1866 (1999)
7. J.Y. Lee, J.W. Hahn, Appl. Phys. B 79, 371–378 (2004)
8. J.W. Kim, J.W. Hahn, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, H.J. Kong, H.W. Lee, Appl. Opt. 38, 1742–1745
(1999)
9. J.W. Kim, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, J.B. Lee, J.W. Hahn, Appl. Opt. 40, 5509–5516 (2001)
10. H. Tomita, K. Watanabe, Y. Takiguchi, J. Kawarabayashi, T. Iguchi, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 43,
311–315 (2006)
11. M.C. Kuo, Y.R. Lin, W.A.A. Syed, J.T. Shy, Opt. Spectrosc. 108, 29–36 (2010)
12. I. Debecker, A.K. Mohamed, D. Romanini, Opt. Express 13, 2906–2915 (2005)
13. B.J. Orr, Y. He, Chem. Phys. Lett. 512, 1–20 (2011)
14. T. Gherman, D. Romanini, Opt. Express 10, 1033–1042 (2002)
15. M.J. Thorpe, K.D. Moll, R.J. Jones, B. Safdi, J. Ye, Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006)
16. M.J. Thorpe, D.D. Hudson, K.D. Moll, J. Lasri, J. Ye, Opt. Lett. 32, 307–309 (2007)
17. M.J. Thorpe, J. Ye, Appl. Phys. B 91, 397–414 (2008)
18. R. Grilli, G. Méjean, C. Abd Alrahman, I. Ventrillard, S. Kassi, D. Romanini, Phys. Rev. A 85,
051804 (2012)
A. Maity et al.
6 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
CRDS has proved to be a useful analytical method for the high-resolution investigation of molecular species with ultra-low concentrations in the levels of ppb to ppt in
a variety of environments. The technique is more superior in comparison to the traditional absorption spectroscopy technique when sensitivity and molecular selectivity
are considered. It has enormous potential for online and real-time measurements
of the molecular species. The technique provides the direct and accurate quantitative estimations of several weak and strong absorbing molecular species and their
isotopic constituents. Although several commercial CRDS-based spectrometers are
available for trace detection of atmospheric constituents but such type of spectroscopic tools are not still available that can be used for non-invasive medical diagnostics. Also, there are still some gaps of using the CRDS technique for the detection
radicals. Although the NICE-OHMS technique has shown its capability in terms
of the highest sensitivity, but its practical applications are still limited for the field
deployment. Moreover, numerous breath biomarkers have recently been identified
for diagnosis of several complex diseases that will drive to the development of more
robust and portable CRDS based tools which can be installed in hospital environments
for routine clinical purposes. Moreover, terahertz region remains still unexplored. In
addition to that, the condensed phase applications of this optical technique are also
limited. Taken together, it suggests that there are plenty of opportunities to explore
the CRDS technique in several other areas of science in the future.
References
1. A. O’Keefe, D.A.G. Deacon, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 59, 2544–2551 (1988)
2. R.D. Van Zee, J.T. Hodges, J.P. Looney, Appl. Opt. 38, 3951–3960 (1999)
3. D. Romanini, A.A. Kachanov, N. Sadeghi, F. Stoeckel, Chem. Phys. Lett. 264, 316–322 (1997)
4. B. Koch, Atmospheric Traces Monitoring Using Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy (2003)
5. S. Maithani, S. Mandal, A. Maity, M. Pal, M. Pradhan, Analyst 143, 2109–2114 (2018)
6. J.W. Hahn, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, J.W. Kim, H.W. Lee, Appl. Opt. 38, 1859–1866 (1999)
7. J.Y. Lee, J.W. Hahn, Appl. Phys. B 79, 371–378 (2004)
8. J.W. Kim, J.W. Hahn, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, H.J. Kong, H.W. Lee, Appl. Opt. 38, 1742–1745
(1999)
9. J.W. Kim, Y.S. Yoo, J.Y. Lee, J.B. Lee, J.W. Hahn, Appl. Opt. 40, 5509–5516 (2001)
10. H. Tomita, K. Watanabe, Y. Takiguchi, J. Kawarabayashi, T. Iguchi, J. Nucl. Sci. Technol. 43,
311–315 (2006)
11. M.C. Kuo, Y.R. Lin, W.A.A. Syed, J.T. Shy, Opt. Spectrosc. 108, 29–36 (2010)
12. I. Debecker, A.K. Mohamed, D. Romanini, Opt. Express 13, 2906–2915 (2005)
13. B.J. Orr, Y. He, Chem. Phys. Lett. 512, 1–20 (2011)
14. T. Gherman, D. Romanini, Opt. Express 10, 1033–1042 (2002)
15. M.J. Thorpe, K.D. Moll, R.J. Jones, B. Safdi, J. Ye, Science 311, 1595–1599 (2006)
16. M.J. Thorpe, D.D. Hudson, K.D. Moll, J. Lasri, J. Ye, Opt. Lett. 32, 307–309 (2007)
17. M.J. Thorpe, J. Ye, Appl. Phys. B 91, 397–414 (2008)
18. R. Grilli, G. Méjean, C. Abd Alrahman, I. Ventrillard, S. Kassi, D. Romanini, Phys. Rev. A 85,
051804 (2012)