172
D. K. Pandey et al.
4.5.2 Cancer Detection
According to WHO statistics, nearly 9.6 million deaths were due to cancer in 2018.
As with any disease, an early and quick cancer diagnosis is of utmost necessity. Traditional detection methods such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning, etc. are difficult to
use in intraoperative procedures as these techniques require comprehensive labeling.
Accordingly, Raman spectroscopy was used to detect different cancer types [249–
261]. In 2017, Ming et al. diagnosed nasopharyngeal cancer using Raman spectroscopy although the deep anatomical position makes it very difficult to diagnose
this form of cancer [257]. Also, Moradi et al. have shown the potential of this technique in identification between human ovarian cancer cells that were sensitive or
resistant to cisplatin [259]. Whereas Jermyn et al. developed an intraoperative tool
based on Raman spectroscopy to detect the invasive grade 2–4 gliomas and can detect
as few as six cancer cells per 1 mm
2 , which was much better than commonly used
methods such as MRI [260]. As radiotherapy causes DNA damage and alterations of
macromolecules of cancer cells, the Qui group has used laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to study the effect of radiotherapy in the Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(NPC) treatment [262]. Raman spectroscopy can also detect other types of cancer
as it can quickly distinguish differences in healthy and cancerous tissue molecular
structures. Alexel et al. used Raman spectroscopy to identify and examine the impact
of tobacco smoke on human blood components and revealed the profile of structural
and chemical alterations that serve as a biomarker of physiological and pathological conditions in the tobacco-induced human blood components [263]. Leblond and
his group performed a retrospective study of 65 patients using in vivo Raman spectroscopy to shed light on brain cancer molecular processes and classify oncogenic
processes that characterize glioma [230]. Most recently, the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy in the detection and diagnosis of oral cancer was reviewed by the Li group
[229].
4.5.3 Diabetes
According to IDF (International Diabetes Federation), about 463 million people are
living with diabetes; this would grow to 700 million by 2045 [264]. The disease is
characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to malfunctioning insulin production. The utility of Raman spectroscopy in diabetes detection was used by the Birech
group by identifying the biomarker bands in the spectra of diabatic rat’s blood.
Researchers also revealed the herbal extract Rotheca myricoides Hochst with the aid
of these biomarker bands had a greater anti-diabetic effect at a low dose (50 mg/kg
of body weight) [236]. Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose has been a longtime dream of treating diabetes. Some previous studies reported on glucose sensing,
however, these reports did not reveal glucose Raman peaks. The first direct detection
of glucose Raman peaks from in vivo skin was demonstrated by Kang et al. [265].
Keeping this point in focus, the Birech group developed a low-cost Raman sample
D. K. Pandey et al.
4.5.2 Cancer Detection
According to WHO statistics, nearly 9.6 million deaths were due to cancer in 2018.
As with any disease, an early and quick cancer diagnosis is of utmost necessity. Traditional detection methods such as Computed Tomography (CT), Magnetic Resonance
Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission Tomography (PET) scanning, etc. are difficult to
use in intraoperative procedures as these techniques require comprehensive labeling.
Accordingly, Raman spectroscopy was used to detect different cancer types [249–
261]. In 2017, Ming et al. diagnosed nasopharyngeal cancer using Raman spectroscopy although the deep anatomical position makes it very difficult to diagnose
this form of cancer [257]. Also, Moradi et al. have shown the potential of this technique in identification between human ovarian cancer cells that were sensitive or
resistant to cisplatin [259]. Whereas Jermyn et al. developed an intraoperative tool
based on Raman spectroscopy to detect the invasive grade 2–4 gliomas and can detect
as few as six cancer cells per 1 mm
2 , which was much better than commonly used
methods such as MRI [260]. As radiotherapy causes DNA damage and alterations of
macromolecules of cancer cells, the Qui group has used laser tweezer Raman spectroscopy (LTRS) to study the effect of radiotherapy in the Nasopharyngeal carcinoma
(NPC) treatment [262]. Raman spectroscopy can also detect other types of cancer
as it can quickly distinguish differences in healthy and cancerous tissue molecular
structures. Alexel et al. used Raman spectroscopy to identify and examine the impact
of tobacco smoke on human blood components and revealed the profile of structural
and chemical alterations that serve as a biomarker of physiological and pathological conditions in the tobacco-induced human blood components [263]. Leblond and
his group performed a retrospective study of 65 patients using in vivo Raman spectroscopy to shed light on brain cancer molecular processes and classify oncogenic
processes that characterize glioma [230]. Most recently, the accuracy of Raman spectroscopy in the detection and diagnosis of oral cancer was reviewed by the Li group
[229].
4.5.3 Diabetes
According to IDF (International Diabetes Federation), about 463 million people are
living with diabetes; this would grow to 700 million by 2045 [264]. The disease is
characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to malfunctioning insulin production. The utility of Raman spectroscopy in diabetes detection was used by the Birech
group by identifying the biomarker bands in the spectra of diabatic rat’s blood.
Researchers also revealed the herbal extract Rotheca myricoides Hochst with the aid
of these biomarker bands had a greater anti-diabetic effect at a low dose (50 mg/kg
of body weight) [236]. Noninvasive monitoring of blood glucose has been a longtime dream of treating diabetes. Some previous studies reported on glucose sensing,
however, these reports did not reveal glucose Raman peaks. The first direct detection
of glucose Raman peaks from in vivo skin was demonstrated by Kang et al. [265].
Keeping this point in focus, the Birech group developed a low-cost Raman sample