31
spans four pages, covers more than 100 compounds, and contains many properties
for each compound. Only ranges of GWPs and lifetimes are given for HFCs and
PFCs in Table 1.2. The atmospheric lifetime for some of these molecules is remarkably long (CF 4 , a PFC, has a lifetime of 50,000 years) and many of the GWPs are
huge (C 2 F 6 , another PFC, has a GWP of 11,100).
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) reside at the intersection of ozone depletion and
global warming. The Montreal Protocol, which was enacted to protect Earth’s ozone
layer, guided a transition from industrial production of CFCs to a class of gases
called hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs), because HCFCs are less harmful to the
O 3 layer than CFCs.
30
The Montreal Protocol requires a further transition from
HCFCs to hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs) because, as noted above, HFCs pose no threat
to the ozone layer. However, the GWPs of HFCs (Table 1.2) generally far exceed the
GWPs of HCFCs (Table 8.A.1, IPCC (2013).
The future RF of climate due to HFCs is uncertain. Velders et al. (2009) project
the RF of climate due to HFCs could be 0.4 W m
−2
by mid-century, considerably
larger than the RF due to HFCs considered by IPCC (2013). The primary reason for
this difference is their projection of considerably larger growth in the atmospheric
abundance of HFC-125 (formula CHF 2 CF 3 ; lifetime = 28 years; GWP = 3170) than
in the scenarios used to guide the IPCC climate models.
A number of scientists and policy-makers have lobbied for HFCs to be removed
from the UNFCCC basket of GHGs and placed under the auspices of the Montreal
Protocol. The argument for this transition is twofold: (1) the production of HFCs
was initiated by the Montreal Protocol; (2) this governing body has been extraordinarily effective due to close cooperation between atmospheric scientists, the
chemical manufacturing industry, and policy members who staff the Parties of the
30 CFCs are a class of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms, whereas HCFCs
are a class of chemicals that contain hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms. In some ways,
bookkeeping would be easier had the former been labeled ClFCs and the latter HClFCs. Alas, the
first “C” in these compounds stands for chlorine and the second stands for carbon. To make matters
more confusing, HFCs are chemicals that contain only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. Here
the “C” stands for carbon. So if the C comes after the F, it stands for carbon.
Table 1.2 Properties of long lived HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 , and NF 3
GHG
GWP
a
Lifetime
(years)
Industrial use
HFCs
116–12,400
1.3–242
Refrigeration, foam blowing, and by product of
manufacturing of HCFCs
PFCs
6290–11,100 2000–50,000 Aluminum smelting
Semi-conductor manufacturing
SF 6
23,500
3200
Insulator in high voltage electrical equipment
Magnesium casting
Semi-conductor manufacturing
NF 3
16,100
500
Semi-conductor manufacturing
a For 100-year time horizon
1.2 The Anthropocene
spans four pages, covers more than 100 compounds, and contains many properties
for each compound. Only ranges of GWPs and lifetimes are given for HFCs and
PFCs in Table 1.2. The atmospheric lifetime for some of these molecules is remarkably long (CF 4 , a PFC, has a lifetime of 50,000 years) and many of the GWPs are
huge (C 2 F 6 , another PFC, has a GWP of 11,100).
Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) reside at the intersection of ozone depletion and
global warming. The Montreal Protocol, which was enacted to protect Earth’s ozone
layer, guided a transition from industrial production of CFCs to a class of gases
called hydrochlorofluorcarbons (HCFCs), because HCFCs are less harmful to the
O 3 layer than CFCs.
30
The Montreal Protocol requires a further transition from
HCFCs to hydrofluorcarbons (HFCs) because, as noted above, HFCs pose no threat
to the ozone layer. However, the GWPs of HFCs (Table 1.2) generally far exceed the
GWPs of HCFCs (Table 8.A.1, IPCC (2013).
The future RF of climate due to HFCs is uncertain. Velders et al. (2009) project
the RF of climate due to HFCs could be 0.4 W m
−2
by mid-century, considerably
larger than the RF due to HFCs considered by IPCC (2013). The primary reason for
this difference is their projection of considerably larger growth in the atmospheric
abundance of HFC-125 (formula CHF 2 CF 3 ; lifetime = 28 years; GWP = 3170) than
in the scenarios used to guide the IPCC climate models.
A number of scientists and policy-makers have lobbied for HFCs to be removed
from the UNFCCC basket of GHGs and placed under the auspices of the Montreal
Protocol. The argument for this transition is twofold: (1) the production of HFCs
was initiated by the Montreal Protocol; (2) this governing body has been extraordinarily effective due to close cooperation between atmospheric scientists, the
chemical manufacturing industry, and policy members who staff the Parties of the
30 CFCs are a class of chemicals that contain chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms, whereas HCFCs
are a class of chemicals that contain hydrogen, chlorine, fluorine, and carbon atoms. In some ways,
bookkeeping would be easier had the former been labeled ClFCs and the latter HClFCs. Alas, the
first “C” in these compounds stands for chlorine and the second stands for carbon. To make matters
more confusing, HFCs are chemicals that contain only hydrogen, fluorine, and carbon atoms. Here
the “C” stands for carbon. So if the C comes after the F, it stands for carbon.
Table 1.2 Properties of long lived HFCs, PFCs, SF 6 , and NF 3
GHG
GWP
a
Lifetime
(years)
Industrial use
HFCs
116–12,400
1.3–242
Refrigeration, foam blowing, and by product of
manufacturing of HCFCs
PFCs
6290–11,100 2000–50,000 Aluminum smelting
Semi-conductor manufacturing
SF 6
23,500
3200
Insulator in high voltage electrical equipment
Magnesium casting
Semi-conductor manufacturing
NF 3
16,100
500
Semi-conductor manufacturing
a For 100-year time horizon
1.2 The Anthropocene