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States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.
epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/documents/420f14018.pdf
EPA. (2014b). Light-duty automotive technology, carbon dioxide emissions, and fuel economy
trends: 1975 through 2014 . EPA-420-S-14-001. United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm
Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Hawthorne, P. (2008). Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319 , 1235–1238.
Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. P., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O’Hare, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2006).
Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science, 311 , 506–508.
Garten Rothkopf. (2007). A blueprint for green energy in the Americas, Chapter IV . Brazil. InterAmerican Development Bank. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.gartenrothkopf.
com/research-and-analysis/custom-research-publications.html
Geyer, R. (2008). Parametric assessment of climate change impacts of automotive material substitution. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (18), 6973–6979.
Geyer, R. (2013). UCSB auto materials GHG model, Version 4 . Retrieved January 30, 2014, from
http://www.worldautosteel.org/life-cycle-thinking/greenhouse-gas-materials-comparison-model
Geyer, R., Stoms, D., & Kallaos, J. (2013). Spatially-explicit life cycle assessment of sun-towheels transportation pathways in the U.S. Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (2),
1170–1176.
Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau-Bettez, G., & Hammer Strømman, A. (2012). Comparative
environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. Journal of Industrial
Ecology, 17 (1), 53–64.
Kitman, J. L. (2000). The secret history of lead. The Nation , March 2, 2000. Retrieved January 10,
2015, from http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead
Koffl er, C., & Rohde-Brandenburger, K. (2010). On the calculation of fuel savings through lightweight design in automotive life cycle assessments. The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 15 , 128–135.
Malakoff, D. (1999). U.S. supercars: Around the corner, or running on empty? Science, 285 ,
680–682.
McDonald, R. I., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Miller, W. M., & Powell, J. (2009). Energy sprawl or
energy effi ciency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America.
PLoS ONE, 4 , e6802.
Miller, J. D., & Façanha, C. (2014). The state of clean transport policy . Washington, DC:
International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.
theicct.org
Moyer, M. (2010). The dirty truth about plug-in hybrids. Scientifi c American, 303 (1), 54–55.
Notter, D. A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wäger, P., Stamp, A., Zah, R., & Althaus, H.-J. (2010).
Contribution of Li-Ion batteries to the environmental impact of electric vehicles. Environmental
Science & Technology, 44 (17), 6550–6556.
Ohlrogge, J., Allen, D., Berguson, B., DellaPenna, D., Shachar-Hill, Y., & Stymne, S. (2009).
Driving on biomass. Science, 324 , 1019–1020.
OICA. (2015). Production statistics and vehicles in use . Organisation Internationale des
Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.oica.net
Plevin, R. J., Delucchi, M. A., & Creutzig, F. (2014). Using attributional life cycle assessment to
estimate climate-change mitigation benefi ts misleads policy makers. Journal of Industrial
Ecology, 18 (1), 73–83.
Samaras, C., & Meisterling, K. (2008). Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from
plug-in hybrid vehicles: Implications for policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 ,
3170–3176.
Searchinger, T., et al. (2008). Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases
through emissions from land-use change. Science, 319 , 1238–1240.
18 The Industrial Ecology of the Automobile
EPA. (2014a). EPA issues direct fi nal rule for 2013 cellulosic standard . EPA-420-F-14-018. United
States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.
epa.gov/otaq/fuels/renewablefuels/documents/420f14018.pdf
EPA. (2014b). Light-duty automotive technology, carbon dioxide emissions, and fuel economy
trends: 1975 through 2014 . EPA-420-S-14-001. United States Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.epa.gov/otaq/fetrends.htm
Fargione, J., Hill, J., Tilman, D., Polasky, S., & Hawthorne, P. (2008). Land clearing and the biofuel carbon debt. Science, 319 , 1235–1238.
Farrell, A. E., Plevin, R. P., Turner, B. T., Jones, A. D., O’Hare, M., & Kammen, D. M. (2006).
Ethanol can contribute to energy and environmental goals. Science, 311 , 506–508.
Garten Rothkopf. (2007). A blueprint for green energy in the Americas, Chapter IV . Brazil. InterAmerican Development Bank. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.gartenrothkopf.
com/research-and-analysis/custom-research-publications.html
Geyer, R. (2008). Parametric assessment of climate change impacts of automotive material substitution. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 (18), 6973–6979.
Geyer, R. (2013). UCSB auto materials GHG model, Version 4 . Retrieved January 30, 2014, from
http://www.worldautosteel.org/life-cycle-thinking/greenhouse-gas-materials-comparison-model
Geyer, R., Stoms, D., & Kallaos, J. (2013). Spatially-explicit life cycle assessment of sun-towheels transportation pathways in the U.S. Environmental Science & Technology, 47 (2),
1170–1176.
Hawkins, T. R., Singh, B., Majeau-Bettez, G., & Hammer Strømman, A. (2012). Comparative
environmental life cycle assessment of conventional and electric vehicles. Journal of Industrial
Ecology, 17 (1), 53–64.
Kitman, J. L. (2000). The secret history of lead. The Nation , March 2, 2000. Retrieved January 10,
2015, from http://www.thenation.com/article/secret-history-lead
Koffl er, C., & Rohde-Brandenburger, K. (2010). On the calculation of fuel savings through lightweight design in automotive life cycle assessments. The International Journal of Life Cycle
Assessment, 15 , 128–135.
Malakoff, D. (1999). U.S. supercars: Around the corner, or running on empty? Science, 285 ,
680–682.
McDonald, R. I., Fargione, J., Kiesecker, J., Miller, W. M., & Powell, J. (2009). Energy sprawl or
energy effi ciency: Climate policy impacts on natural habitat for the United States of America.
PLoS ONE, 4 , e6802.
Miller, J. D., & Façanha, C. (2014). The state of clean transport policy . Washington, DC:
International Council on Clean Transportation. Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.
theicct.org
Moyer, M. (2010). The dirty truth about plug-in hybrids. Scientifi c American, 303 (1), 54–55.
Notter, D. A., Gauch, M., Widmer, R., Wäger, P., Stamp, A., Zah, R., & Althaus, H.-J. (2010).
Contribution of Li-Ion batteries to the environmental impact of electric vehicles. Environmental
Science & Technology, 44 (17), 6550–6556.
Ohlrogge, J., Allen, D., Berguson, B., DellaPenna, D., Shachar-Hill, Y., & Stymne, S. (2009).
Driving on biomass. Science, 324 , 1019–1020.
OICA. (2015). Production statistics and vehicles in use . Organisation Internationale des
Constructeurs d’Automobiles (OICA). Retrieved January 30, 2015, from http://www.oica.net
Plevin, R. J., Delucchi, M. A., & Creutzig, F. (2014). Using attributional life cycle assessment to
estimate climate-change mitigation benefi ts misleads policy makers. Journal of Industrial
Ecology, 18 (1), 73–83.
Samaras, C., & Meisterling, K. (2008). Life cycle assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from
plug-in hybrid vehicles: Implications for policy. Environmental Science & Technology, 42 ,
3170–3176.
Searchinger, T., et al. (2008). Use of U.S. croplands for biofuels increases greenhouse gases
through emissions from land-use change. Science, 319 , 1238–1240.
18 The Industrial Ecology of the Automobile