81
possibly important fi nding in this regard is the strong relationship showing that
global energy use is directly proportional to global urban population (Fig. 4.3 ).
Three areas for future research on the thermodynamics of cities are proposed: (1)
development of nonsteady, nonequilibrium thermodynamic models specifi c to cities
or systems of cities; (2) more studies of exergy gradients for cities; and (3) exploration of the possible intersection of thermodynamic and economic theories of urban
growth (Bristow and Kennedy 2015 ).
Fig. 4.3 Global energy use, urban and rural population, 1965–2010 (Figure 4.3 from Bristow and
Kennedy 2015 )
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
References
Agudelo-Vera, C. M., Mels, A., Keesman, K., & Rijnaarts, H. (2012). The urban harvest approach
as an aid for sustainable urban resource planning. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16 (6),
839–850.
Allenby, B. R. (1999). Industrial ecology: Policy framework and implementation . Upper Saddle
River: Prentice Hall.
Allenby, B. R., & Richards, D. J. (Eds.). (1994). The greening of industrial ecosystems . Washington,
DC: National Academy Press.
4 Industrial Ecology and Cities
possibly important fi nding in this regard is the strong relationship showing that
global energy use is directly proportional to global urban population (Fig. 4.3 ).
Three areas for future research on the thermodynamics of cities are proposed: (1)
development of nonsteady, nonequilibrium thermodynamic models specifi c to cities
or systems of cities; (2) more studies of exergy gradients for cities; and (3) exploration of the possible intersection of thermodynamic and economic theories of urban
growth (Bristow and Kennedy 2015 ).
Fig. 4.3 Global energy use, urban and rural population, 1965–2010 (Figure 4.3 from Bristow and
Kennedy 2015 )
Open Access This chapter is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution
Noncommercial License, which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in
any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited.
References
Agudelo-Vera, C. M., Mels, A., Keesman, K., & Rijnaarts, H. (2012). The urban harvest approach
as an aid for sustainable urban resource planning. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 16 (6),
839–850.
Allenby, B. R. (1999). Industrial ecology: Policy framework and implementation . Upper Saddle
River: Prentice Hall.
Allenby, B. R., & Richards, D. J. (Eds.). (1994). The greening of industrial ecosystems . Washington,
DC: National Academy Press.
4 Industrial Ecology and Cities