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11 Radar Systems of Air Transport
radars can be used either as an autonomous means of landing, or as monitoring
system of AV landing at airports, equipped with radio beacon landing systems. In the
first case, the flight dispatcher completely controls the approach; in the second case,
he only controls the approach and, if necessary, informs the crew on AV position
relative to the course line and glide path.
The need to use a landing radar at airports is stipulated by a number of its
advantages over radio beacon landing systems:
• its functioning does not depend on onboard equipment;
• allows you to continuously observe evolutions of AV trajectory from the ground
up to its landing;
• provides observation from the ground for all AV in the landing zone, and the risk
of AV collision in this case is minimized;
• provides satisfactory control of in-series AV landings with small intervals in
distance in cases where weather deteriorating, fuel shortage or damage to AV
necessitate a safe and fast landing;
• the radar accuracy depends little on changes in the weather, changes in the snow
cover of the earth’s surface, terrain and other factors;
• LRL equipped with pan-and-tilt system can provide landing from any direction,
including those not equipped with a radio beacon system.
The LRL is positioned at the aerodrome and is adjusted to provide a sector scan,
which begins at a point located at a distance of 150 m from the touchdown point
in the direction of landing. The azimuth angle of this sector should be ±5° relative
to the centerline of the runway (hereinafter referred to as RNY), and the elevation
angle should be from −1° up to +6°.
In the presence of the LRL and the AV radio beacon system of instrument landing
approach, the course line and glide path of these systems must coincide in segment
from the entry point into the glide path to the inner locator with radio marker beacon
or 1000 m from the runway threshold.
Airfield control radar (ACR) is designed to monitor and control of AV traffic,
special-purpose vehicles, technical equipment and other objects located on aerodrome movement area (maneuvering area and apron, runways, taxiways and aircraft
parking areas). Information from ACR radar is used by the taxiing dispatchers of the
taxiing dispatch points (TDP) and the runway controller of the runway supervisory
points (RSP).
For aerodromes with precision-approach runways of II, III ICAO categories, the
ACR radar is a mandatory equipment. The main requirement for ACR radar is to
obtain the highest possible resolution of the radar image of the airfield and the
objects on it in any weather conditions. Radar locators, operating in the millimeter
wavelength range, meet these requirements in the best way (Fig 11.18).
Meteorological radar locator (MRL) is designed to detect and determine the
location of seat of origin of thunderstorms and heavy rainfall centers, as well as
their speed and direction of movement. MRL assists flight controllers in ensuring
flight safety in complex meteorological conditions. MRL is also used to measure the
parameters of wind shear in wind anomalies by the Doppler effect. The requirements
11 Radar Systems of Air Transport
radars can be used either as an autonomous means of landing, or as monitoring
system of AV landing at airports, equipped with radio beacon landing systems. In the
first case, the flight dispatcher completely controls the approach; in the second case,
he only controls the approach and, if necessary, informs the crew on AV position
relative to the course line and glide path.
The need to use a landing radar at airports is stipulated by a number of its
advantages over radio beacon landing systems:
• its functioning does not depend on onboard equipment;
• allows you to continuously observe evolutions of AV trajectory from the ground
up to its landing;
• provides observation from the ground for all AV in the landing zone, and the risk
of AV collision in this case is minimized;
• provides satisfactory control of in-series AV landings with small intervals in
distance in cases where weather deteriorating, fuel shortage or damage to AV
necessitate a safe and fast landing;
• the radar accuracy depends little on changes in the weather, changes in the snow
cover of the earth’s surface, terrain and other factors;
• LRL equipped with pan-and-tilt system can provide landing from any direction,
including those not equipped with a radio beacon system.
The LRL is positioned at the aerodrome and is adjusted to provide a sector scan,
which begins at a point located at a distance of 150 m from the touchdown point
in the direction of landing. The azimuth angle of this sector should be ±5° relative
to the centerline of the runway (hereinafter referred to as RNY), and the elevation
angle should be from −1° up to +6°.
In the presence of the LRL and the AV radio beacon system of instrument landing
approach, the course line and glide path of these systems must coincide in segment
from the entry point into the glide path to the inner locator with radio marker beacon
or 1000 m from the runway threshold.
Airfield control radar (ACR) is designed to monitor and control of AV traffic,
special-purpose vehicles, technical equipment and other objects located on aerodrome movement area (maneuvering area and apron, runways, taxiways and aircraft
parking areas). Information from ACR radar is used by the taxiing dispatchers of the
taxiing dispatch points (TDP) and the runway controller of the runway supervisory
points (RSP).
For aerodromes with precision-approach runways of II, III ICAO categories, the
ACR radar is a mandatory equipment. The main requirement for ACR radar is to
obtain the highest possible resolution of the radar image of the airfield and the
objects on it in any weather conditions. Radar locators, operating in the millimeter
wavelength range, meet these requirements in the best way (Fig 11.18).
Meteorological radar locator (MRL) is designed to detect and determine the
location of seat of origin of thunderstorms and heavy rainfall centers, as well as
their speed and direction of movement. MRL assists flight controllers in ensuring
flight safety in complex meteorological conditions. MRL is also used to measure the
parameters of wind shear in wind anomalies by the Doppler effect. The requirements