84
N. Engel et al.
• Tackle jointly the relationships between providers and between patients and
providers, infrastructure, testing platforms, and adaptive strategies of dealing with
constraints;
• Examine the role, responsibility, and work of patients to ensure a POC continuum;
• Allow continuous observation, analysis, reflection, iterations, and adaptations of
tests and (user)-practices and -settings; and
• Develop research capacity to assess and integrate these factors.
References
Chandler, C. I., Mangham, L., Njei, A. N., Achonduh, O., Mbacham, W. F., & Wiseman, V. (2012).
As a clinician, you are not managing lab results, you are managing the patient: How the enactment
of malaria at health facilities in Cameroon compares with new WHO guidelines for the use of
malaria tests. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1528–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.
2012.01.025.
Clouse, K., et al. (2012). Implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF for routine point-of-care diagnosis of
tuberculosis at the primary care level. South African Medical Journal, 102, 805–807.
Cohen, G. M., Drain, P. K., Noubary, F., Cloete, C., & Bassett, I. V. (2014). Diagnostic delays
and clinical decision-making with centralized Xpert MTB/RIF testing in Durban, South Africa.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67, e88–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/
QAI.0000000000000309.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and
challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25–32.
Engel, N., Davids, M., Blankvoort, N., Dheda, K., Pant Pai, N., & Pai, M. (2017). Making HIV
testing work at the point of care in South Africa: A qualitative study of diagnostic practices. BMC
Health Services Research, 17, 408. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2353-6.
Engel, N., Davids, M., Blankvoort, N., Pai, N. P., Dheda, K., & Pai, M. (2015a). Compounding
diagnostic delays: A qualitative study of point-of-care testing in South Africa. Tropical Medicine
and International Health, 20, 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12450.
Engel, N., Ganesh, G., Patil, M., Yellappa, V., Pant Pai, N., Vadnais, C., et al. (2015b). Barriers to
Point-of-Care testing in India: Results from qualitative research across different settings, users
and major diseases. PLoS ONE, 10, e0135112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135112.
Engel, N., Ganesh, G., Patil, M., Yellappa, V., Vadnais, C., Pai, N., et al. (2015c). Point-of-care
testing in India: missed opportunities to realize the true potential of point-of-care testing programs.
BMC Health Services Research, 15, 550.
Kranzer, K., et al. (2010). Linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South
Africa. PLoS ONE, 5, e13801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013801.
Mabey, D. C., et al. (2012). Point-of-Care tests to strengthen health systems and save newborn lives:
The case of syphilis. PLoS Med, 9, e1001233. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001233.
Oudshoorn, N., & Pinch, T. J. (2003). Users and Non-Users Matter. In N. Oudshoorn & T. J. Pinch
(Eds.), How users matter: The co-construction of users and technology (pp. 1–25). London,
Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Pant Pai, N., Vadnais, C., Denkinger, C., Engel, N., & Pai, M. (2012). Point-of-Care testing for
infectious diseases: diversity, complexity, and barriers in low- and middle-income countries.
PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001306.
N. Engel et al.
• Tackle jointly the relationships between providers and between patients and
providers, infrastructure, testing platforms, and adaptive strategies of dealing with
constraints;
• Examine the role, responsibility, and work of patients to ensure a POC continuum;
• Allow continuous observation, analysis, reflection, iterations, and adaptations of
tests and (user)-practices and -settings; and
• Develop research capacity to assess and integrate these factors.
References
Chandler, C. I., Mangham, L., Njei, A. N., Achonduh, O., Mbacham, W. F., & Wiseman, V. (2012).
As a clinician, you are not managing lab results, you are managing the patient: How the enactment
of malaria at health facilities in Cameroon compares with new WHO guidelines for the use of
malaria tests. Social Science and Medicine, 74, 1528–1535. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.
2012.01.025.
Clouse, K., et al. (2012). Implementation of Xpert MTB/RIF for routine point-of-care diagnosis of
tuberculosis at the primary care level. South African Medical Journal, 102, 805–807.
Cohen, G. M., Drain, P. K., Noubary, F., Cloete, C., & Bassett, I. V. (2014). Diagnostic delays
and clinical decision-making with centralized Xpert MTB/RIF testing in Durban, South Africa.
JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 67, e88–93. https://doi.org/10.1097/
QAI.0000000000000309.
Eisenhardt, K. M., & Graebner, M. E. (2007). Theory building from cases: Opportunities and
challenges. Academy of Management Journal, 50, 25–32.
Engel, N., Davids, M., Blankvoort, N., Dheda, K., Pant Pai, N., & Pai, M. (2017). Making HIV
testing work at the point of care in South Africa: A qualitative study of diagnostic practices. BMC
Health Services Research, 17, 408. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-017-2353-6.
Engel, N., Davids, M., Blankvoort, N., Pai, N. P., Dheda, K., & Pai, M. (2015a). Compounding
diagnostic delays: A qualitative study of point-of-care testing in South Africa. Tropical Medicine
and International Health, 20, 493–500. https://doi.org/10.1111/tmi.12450.
Engel, N., Ganesh, G., Patil, M., Yellappa, V., Pant Pai, N., Vadnais, C., et al. (2015b). Barriers to
Point-of-Care testing in India: Results from qualitative research across different settings, users
and major diseases. PLoS ONE, 10, e0135112. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0135112.
Engel, N., Ganesh, G., Patil, M., Yellappa, V., Vadnais, C., Pai, N., et al. (2015c). Point-of-care
testing in India: missed opportunities to realize the true potential of point-of-care testing programs.
BMC Health Services Research, 15, 550.
Kranzer, K., et al. (2010). Linkage to HIV care and antiretroviral therapy in Cape Town, South
Africa. PLoS ONE, 5, e13801. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0013801.
Mabey, D. C., et al. (2012). Point-of-Care tests to strengthen health systems and save newborn lives:
The case of syphilis. PLoS Med, 9, e1001233. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001233.
Oudshoorn, N., & Pinch, T. J. (2003). Users and Non-Users Matter. In N. Oudshoorn & T. J. Pinch
(Eds.), How users matter: The co-construction of users and technology (pp. 1–25). London,
Cambridge MA: MIT Press.
Pant Pai, N., Vadnais, C., Denkinger, C., Engel, N., & Pai, M. (2012). Point-of-Care testing for
infectious diseases: diversity, complexity, and barriers in low- and middle-income countries.
PLoS Medicine, 9, e1001306. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1001306.