219
coastal human societies, who in turn are directly affected by
reef condition. Thus, formulating effective management
practices requires an understanding of feedbacks within
social-ecological systems.
8.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Surface Water
Quality Parameters in Menjangan Island
Novia Arinda Pradisty
1,2*
, Eghbert Elvan Ampou
1
, Rizki
Hanintyo
1,3
, Mardatilah
1
, I. Nyoman Surana
1
1
Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry
of Marine Affairs and Fisheries – Republic of Indonesia,
Jalan Baru Perancak, 82251 Bali, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of
Bremen, Bibliothekstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
3
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth
Observation (ITC), Department of Water Resources,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the
Netherlands
*corresponding author: novia.arinda@kkp.go.id
Keywords: Physicochemical parameters, Phytoplanktons,
Anthropogenic disturbances, Bali, Indonesia
Tropical aquatic ecosystems are currently facing severe
threats from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Menjangan Island is located inside West Bali
National Park, Indonesia, which is home for various species of mammals, birds, seagrasses, mangroves, corals and
fishes. The island is also recognized internationally for its
marine ecotourism, especially the diving and snorkeling
sites. Currently, the island is polluted by increasing nutrient
loads and marine litters, which may lead to eutrophication
and loss of biodiversity. From this observation, the aim of
our study is to examine the spatial distribution of surface
water quality parameters and to evaluate water quality status in the coastal area of Menjangan Island. In this study,
various surface water quality parameters were collected in
February 2017 at 10 sampling locations around Menjangan
and northwestern Bali Island. The parameters examined in
this study are temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity,
turbidity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite,
ammonia, silicate, orthophosphate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton. The results show that the value of turbidity,
total suspended solids and nitrate on several sampling sites
are beyond local quality standards for marine biota, which
shows the evidence of high nutrient concentrations and
marine litters in the coastal water. Phytoplankton of the
island are generally classified as diatoms and dinoflagellates. Chaetoceros sp., which is known as the inducer of
fish mortality also exist, although not in blooming condition. Hopefully these results will encourage further initiatives to protect both the aquatic ecosystem and ecotourism
development of Menjangan Island.
8.2.3 Holobiont at the Vet – Pro- and Eukaryotic
Components in an Acropora White Syndrome Case
Jan D. Brüwer
1,2
, Markus T. Lasut
1
, Davide Poli
3
, Ajinkya
Kulkarni
4
, Indri Manembu
5
, Elvy Like Ginting
5
, Stenly
Wullur
5
, Wilmy Pelle
5
, Marco Serge Reinach
6
, Karl-Heinz
Blotevogel
4
, Michael W. Friedrich
4
, Sebastian Ferse
7
, Hagen
Buck-Wiese
1,2*
1
Aquatic Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and
Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, 95115 Manado,
Indonesia
2
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen,
28359 Bremen, Germany
3
School of Biological Science, University of Queensland,
4072 Brisbane, Australia
4
Microbial Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and
Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
5
Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and
Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, 95115 Manado,
Indonesia
6
Coral Eye Bangka, 95375 Lihunu, Bangka Island, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia
7
Centre for Marine Tropical Sciences, Fahrenheitsstrasse
6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
*corresponding author: h.buckwiese@gmail.com
Keywords:
Coral
disease,
Vibrio,
Ciliates,
Pseudoalteromonas, Coral Triangle
The striking diversity and plasticity of microorganisms is
an important part of the coral holobiont. To elucidate its ecology in the phase of vast anthropogenic impact, observations
of stress induced microbial community shifts within the
holobiont need to be complemented with an in-depth understanding of their respective functional roles. Here, we studied White Syndrome pathogenesis and cessation in Acropora
indonesia using in situ observations. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive set of experiments to elucidate the
disease etiology, including transmission trials and predatory
protist infection experiments. Furthermore, we cultivated
several microbes from diseased coral tissue and inoculated
healthy coral fragments with candidate strains. Among them,
we identified Vibrio spp., which have previously been
described as pathogens in other corals and observed disease
symptoms in A. indonesia subsequent to inoculation. One of
the isolates, a Vibrio owensii strain, was not able to induce
disease symptoms in A. indonesia in co-infection with a
Pseudoalteromonas sp., suggesting the occurrence of antagonistic effects. Inoculations with ciliates isolated from diseased fragments did not provoke symptoms; however, we
observed ciliates as secondary scavengers of coral tissue
after bacterial infections. Our results suggest a complex etiology, in which bacterial agents trigger tissue necrosis, while
opportunistic ciliates lead to typical symptoms. We have
some indicators that Pseudoalteromonas spp. might play a
Appendices
coastal human societies, who in turn are directly affected by
reef condition. Thus, formulating effective management
practices requires an understanding of feedbacks within
social-ecological systems.
8.2.2 Spatial Distribution of Surface Water
Quality Parameters in Menjangan Island
Novia Arinda Pradisty
1,2*
, Eghbert Elvan Ampou
1
, Rizki
Hanintyo
1,3
, Mardatilah
1
, I. Nyoman Surana
1
1
Institute for Marine Research and Observation, Ministry
of Marine Affairs and Fisheries – Republic of Indonesia,
Jalan Baru Perancak, 82251 Bali, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry (FB2), University of
Bremen, Bibliothekstrasse 1, 28359 Bremen, Germany
3
Faculty of Geo-Information Science and Earth
Observation (ITC), Department of Water Resources,
University of Twente, 7500 AE Enschede, the
Netherlands
*corresponding author: novia.arinda@kkp.go.id
Keywords: Physicochemical parameters, Phytoplanktons,
Anthropogenic disturbances, Bali, Indonesia
Tropical aquatic ecosystems are currently facing severe
threats from climate change and anthropogenic disturbances. Menjangan Island is located inside West Bali
National Park, Indonesia, which is home for various species of mammals, birds, seagrasses, mangroves, corals and
fishes. The island is also recognized internationally for its
marine ecotourism, especially the diving and snorkeling
sites. Currently, the island is polluted by increasing nutrient
loads and marine litters, which may lead to eutrophication
and loss of biodiversity. From this observation, the aim of
our study is to examine the spatial distribution of surface
water quality parameters and to evaluate water quality status in the coastal area of Menjangan Island. In this study,
various surface water quality parameters were collected in
February 2017 at 10 sampling locations around Menjangan
and northwestern Bali Island. The parameters examined in
this study are temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, salinity,
turbidity, total alkalinity, total dissolved solids, total suspended solids, dissolved inorganic nutrients (nitrate, nitrite,
ammonia, silicate, orthophosphate), chlorophyll a and phytoplankton. The results show that the value of turbidity,
total suspended solids and nitrate on several sampling sites
are beyond local quality standards for marine biota, which
shows the evidence of high nutrient concentrations and
marine litters in the coastal water. Phytoplankton of the
island are generally classified as diatoms and dinoflagellates. Chaetoceros sp., which is known as the inducer of
fish mortality also exist, although not in blooming condition. Hopefully these results will encourage further initiatives to protect both the aquatic ecosystem and ecotourism
development of Menjangan Island.
8.2.3 Holobiont at the Vet – Pro- and Eukaryotic
Components in an Acropora White Syndrome Case
Jan D. Brüwer
1,2
, Markus T. Lasut
1
, Davide Poli
3
, Ajinkya
Kulkarni
4
, Indri Manembu
5
, Elvy Like Ginting
5
, Stenly
Wullur
5
, Wilmy Pelle
5
, Marco Serge Reinach
6
, Karl-Heinz
Blotevogel
4
, Michael W. Friedrich
4
, Sebastian Ferse
7
, Hagen
Buck-Wiese
1,2*
1
Aquatic Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and
Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, 95115 Manado,
Indonesia
2
Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, University of Bremen,
28359 Bremen, Germany
3
School of Biological Science, University of Queensland,
4072 Brisbane, Australia
4
Microbial Ecophysiology, Faculty of Biology and
Chemistry, University of Bremen, 28359 Bremen, Germany
5
Marine Science Study Program, Faculty of Fisheries and
Marine Sciences, Sam Ratulangi University, 95115 Manado,
Indonesia
6
Coral Eye Bangka, 95375 Lihunu, Bangka Island, North
Sulawesi, Indonesia
7
Centre for Marine Tropical Sciences, Fahrenheitsstrasse
6, 28359 Bremen, Germany
*corresponding author: h.buckwiese@gmail.com
Keywords:
Coral
disease,
Vibrio,
Ciliates,
Pseudoalteromonas, Coral Triangle
The striking diversity and plasticity of microorganisms is
an important part of the coral holobiont. To elucidate its ecology in the phase of vast anthropogenic impact, observations
of stress induced microbial community shifts within the
holobiont need to be complemented with an in-depth understanding of their respective functional roles. Here, we studied White Syndrome pathogenesis and cessation in Acropora
indonesia using in situ observations. In addition, we conducted a comprehensive set of experiments to elucidate the
disease etiology, including transmission trials and predatory
protist infection experiments. Furthermore, we cultivated
several microbes from diseased coral tissue and inoculated
healthy coral fragments with candidate strains. Among them,
we identified Vibrio spp., which have previously been
described as pathogens in other corals and observed disease
symptoms in A. indonesia subsequent to inoculation. One of
the isolates, a Vibrio owensii strain, was not able to induce
disease symptoms in A. indonesia in co-infection with a
Pseudoalteromonas sp., suggesting the occurrence of antagonistic effects. Inoculations with ciliates isolated from diseased fragments did not provoke symptoms; however, we
observed ciliates as secondary scavengers of coral tissue
after bacterial infections. Our results suggest a complex etiology, in which bacterial agents trigger tissue necrosis, while
opportunistic ciliates lead to typical symptoms. We have
some indicators that Pseudoalteromonas spp. might play a
Appendices