173
feces
CO2
and
N-waste
D y n a m i c E n e r g e t i c B u d g e t
food
M - maintenance
G - growth
RPD - reproduction
su - synthesizing unit
DIC
CO 2
and
N-waste
DIN
irradiance
M
G
R P D
r e s e r v e
su
su
su
P r im a r y p r o d u c e r
P r e d a t o r
E c o l o g i c a l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s
M
G
R P D
r e s e r v e
su
su
b ro w n a lg a e
e p ip h y te s
m e s o
g ra z e rs
d e tr it u s
G o b ii d a e
e x o g e n o u s
in p u ts
6 0 .0 0
4 0 .0 0
2 9 .1 0
1 8 .3 6
8 .4 5
1 0 .6 0
8 .5 4
4 .0 9
3 .4 2
1 7 .4 4
7 .5 2
1 0 .5 4
1 3 .0 3
1 5 .0 6
6 .5 3
1 .9 6
3 .2 6
1 .3 1
2 .1 3
4 3 .9 0
L o o p A n a l y s i s
nt - nutrients
ba - brown algae
epi - epiphytes
sg - seagrass
mg - mesograzers
hl - herring larvae
gb - goby fish
1 7 .6 8
T a b le o f p re d ic ti o n s
n t b a e p i s g m g g b h l
n t + 0 * + ? + ? + + 0 *
b a 0 * + + ? - + + +
e p i - - 0 * - 0 * - -
s g 0 * - + + ? + + ? +
m g + ? - 0 * + + + ? +
g b ? + ? + + - - + ? -
h l + 0 * + ? + ? + + +
Fig. 2 Representation of the recommended tools for analyzing ecosystem functioning. The layers show that the analysis could target various
organizational levels: single species (upper layer), ecological communities (in the middle), and interactions of ecological and human components, e.g., the increase of nutrient inputs in aquatic systems (lower
layer).
The schematic representation of the upper layer refers to the dynamic
energetic budget and illustrates the fate of energy flow in a primary producer and a predator. The (trophic) interactions between the species in the
community are represented as ecological network analysis. The network
traces carbon flows of a hypothetical coastal community of the Baltic Sea
and the flows display matter circulation in terms of mg C m
−2
day
−1
.
Finally, the loop analysis can bring together feeding interactions and
other non- trophic relationships like symbiosis. In the hypothetical Baltic
Sea community presented, the interactions of mesograzers and herring
larvae with seagrass are related to habitat provision. Also, the brown
algae and seagrass interactions with epiphytes are related to competition.
The table of prediction for the community on the left side indicates the
expected responses of column compartments following positive perturbations on the row compartments. The signed directed graph of the community on the right side of the loop analysis depicts positive interactions
as arrows and negative interactions as empty circles
Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems in the Age of Global Change: Integrating Knowledge Across Scales
feces
CO2
and
N-waste
D y n a m i c E n e r g e t i c B u d g e t
food
M - maintenance
G - growth
RPD - reproduction
su - synthesizing unit
DIC
CO 2
and
N-waste
DIN
irradiance
M
G
R P D
r e s e r v e
su
su
su
P r im a r y p r o d u c e r
P r e d a t o r
E c o l o g i c a l N e t w o r k A n a l y s i s
M
G
R P D
r e s e r v e
su
su
b ro w n a lg a e
e p ip h y te s
m e s o
g ra z e rs
d e tr it u s
G o b ii d a e
e x o g e n o u s
in p u ts
6 0 .0 0
4 0 .0 0
2 9 .1 0
1 8 .3 6
8 .4 5
1 0 .6 0
8 .5 4
4 .0 9
3 .4 2
1 7 .4 4
7 .5 2
1 0 .5 4
1 3 .0 3
1 5 .0 6
6 .5 3
1 .9 6
3 .2 6
1 .3 1
2 .1 3
4 3 .9 0
L o o p A n a l y s i s
nt - nutrients
ba - brown algae
epi - epiphytes
sg - seagrass
mg - mesograzers
hl - herring larvae
gb - goby fish
1 7 .6 8
T a b le o f p re d ic ti o n s
n t b a e p i s g m g g b h l
n t + 0 * + ? + ? + + 0 *
b a 0 * + + ? - + + +
e p i - - 0 * - 0 * - -
s g 0 * - + + ? + + ? +
m g + ? - 0 * + + + ? +
g b ? + ? + + - - + ? -
h l + 0 * + ? + ? + + +
Fig. 2 Representation of the recommended tools for analyzing ecosystem functioning. The layers show that the analysis could target various
organizational levels: single species (upper layer), ecological communities (in the middle), and interactions of ecological and human components, e.g., the increase of nutrient inputs in aquatic systems (lower
layer).
The schematic representation of the upper layer refers to the dynamic
energetic budget and illustrates the fate of energy flow in a primary producer and a predator. The (trophic) interactions between the species in the
community are represented as ecological network analysis. The network
traces carbon flows of a hypothetical coastal community of the Baltic Sea
and the flows display matter circulation in terms of mg C m
−2
day
−1
.
Finally, the loop analysis can bring together feeding interactions and
other non- trophic relationships like symbiosis. In the hypothetical Baltic
Sea community presented, the interactions of mesograzers and herring
larvae with seagrass are related to habitat provision. Also, the brown
algae and seagrass interactions with epiphytes are related to competition.
The table of prediction for the community on the left side indicates the
expected responses of column compartments following positive perturbations on the row compartments. The signed directed graph of the community on the right side of the loop analysis depicts positive interactions
as arrows and negative interactions as empty circles
Biodiversity and the Functioning of Ecosystems in the Age of Global Change: Integrating Knowledge Across Scales