xvii
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 The Baltic Sea region with its drainage basin and political
borders (Modifi ed from GRID-Arendal Graphics Library,
www.grida.no) .................................................................................
3
Fig. 1.2 Outline of case studies of environmental governance
and the key governance dimensions of Baltic Sea
environmental governance analysed in this book ............................ 11
Fig. 2.1 A conceptual model describing the complex primary
and secondary ecosystem effects of eutrophication
in a marine area ............................................................................... 23
Fig. 4.1 Simplifi ed food-web regulation via three main mechanisms:
top-down by population at next trophic level ( dark arrows ),
bottom-up by the presence of organisms they feed
on ( white arrows ) and horizontal, for example,
competition ( double arrows ) ........................................................... 76
Fig. 4.2 Most important biodiversity threats identifi ed in the
Baltic Sea region (Modifi ed from HELCOM 2009c) ...................... 77
Fig. 4.3 Interactions and ways of communication between main
actors involved in IAS decision-making in the Baltic Sea
region. Arrows : black , BWMC; striped , recommendations
for BWMC ratifi cation and acting according to the Baltic
Sea Action Plan (BSAP); grey , tension due to different
IAS perceptions and priorities occurring within and
between riparian states .................................................................... 83
Fig. 6.1 Number of yearly surveillance fl ight hours between
1989 and 2013 (Adapted from HELCOM 2014)
(Scores of zero fl ight hours in this fi gure represent
no reported fl ight hours for that year or that zero fl ight
hours have been reported) ............................................................... 138
List of Figures
Fig. 1.1 The Baltic Sea region with its drainage basin and political
borders (Modifi ed from GRID-Arendal Graphics Library,
www.grida.no) .................................................................................
3
Fig. 1.2 Outline of case studies of environmental governance
and the key governance dimensions of Baltic Sea
environmental governance analysed in this book ............................ 11
Fig. 2.1 A conceptual model describing the complex primary
and secondary ecosystem effects of eutrophication
in a marine area ............................................................................... 23
Fig. 4.1 Simplifi ed food-web regulation via three main mechanisms:
top-down by population at next trophic level ( dark arrows ),
bottom-up by the presence of organisms they feed
on ( white arrows ) and horizontal, for example,
competition ( double arrows ) ........................................................... 76
Fig. 4.2 Most important biodiversity threats identifi ed in the
Baltic Sea region (Modifi ed from HELCOM 2009c) ...................... 77
Fig. 4.3 Interactions and ways of communication between main
actors involved in IAS decision-making in the Baltic Sea
region. Arrows : black , BWMC; striped , recommendations
for BWMC ratifi cation and acting according to the Baltic
Sea Action Plan (BSAP); grey , tension due to different
IAS perceptions and priorities occurring within and
between riparian states .................................................................... 83
Fig. 6.1 Number of yearly surveillance fl ight hours between
1989 and 2013 (Adapted from HELCOM 2014)
(Scores of zero fl ight hours in this fi gure represent
no reported fl ight hours for that year or that zero fl ight
hours have been reported) ............................................................... 138