70
This study has shown a wide variation of GHG emission and NRE consumption
results, depending upon the selection of the functional unit, allocation procedures,
and biofuel technology production pathways. Thus, it calls the attention to the need
of improving LCA framework in order to evaluate the sources of uncertainty in
complex systems, such as biofuel life cycles.
References
Cherubini F, Strømman AH (2011) Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and
future challenges. Bioresource Technol 102:437–451
Department of Climate change, National Development and Reform Commission, China (2008)
“2008 Baseline Emission Factors for Regional Power Grids in China” obtained on Dec, 2009
at http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/english/
Donzelli JL (2007) Use of fertilisers. In: Macedo IC (ed) Sugarcane’s Energy: twelve studies
on Brazilian sugarcane agribusiness and its sustainability, 2nd edn. Berlendis & Vertecchia:
UNICA, Brazil, São Paulo
Edwards R, Larivé J-F, Mahieu V, Rouveirolles P (2007) Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context. Well-To-Tank Report Version 2c, Tank-toWheels Report Version 2c, and Well-To-Wheel Report Version 2c, (CONCAWE, EuroCar and
IES publication, EUR 22342 EN, Luxembourg, EU. Available from: http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon
debt. Science 319:1235
Fukuda H, Kingsbury A, Obara K (2006) Japan bio-fuels bio-fuels production report. GAIN
Report Number: JA6024. USAD
Goldemberg J, Coelho S, Guardabassi P (2008) The sustainability of ethanol production from
sugarcane. Energy Policy 36(6):2086–2097
Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S, Tiffany D (2006) Environmental, economic, and energetic
costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11206
IPCC (2006) IPCC: Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas inventories, Prepared by the National
greenhouse gas inventories programme
Macedo IC, Seabra JEA, Silva JEAR (2008) Green house gases emissions in the production and
use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: the 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020.
Biomass Bioenergy 32:582–595
Malça J, Freire F (2006) Renewability and life cycle energy efficiency of bioethanol and bioethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): assessing the implications of allocation. Energy
31(15):3362–3380
MAPA (2011a) Statistic Annuarium of Agroenergy 2010 (Anuário estatístico de agroenergia
2010) (in Portuguese) (http://www.agricultura.gov.br/desenvolvimento-sustentavel/agroenergia/publicacoes) (June 2011)
MAPA (2011b) Provisory Measure n°532 (Medida provisória n°532, de 28 de Abril de 2011)
(in Portuguese) (http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/1027558/medida-provisoria-532-11)
(June 2011)
Menichetti E, Otto M (2009) Chapter 5: energy balance & greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels
from a life-cycle perspective. In: Howarth RW, Bringezu S (eds) Biofuels: environmental consequences and interactions with changing land use, Germany, (SCOPE 2009)
Ministry of Environment, Japan (2010) CO2 emission factor of electricity (in Japanese): http://
www.env.go.jp/earth/ghg-santeikohyo/material/denkihaishutu.html
K. Hanaki and J. Portugal-Pereira
This study has shown a wide variation of GHG emission and NRE consumption
results, depending upon the selection of the functional unit, allocation procedures,
and biofuel technology production pathways. Thus, it calls the attention to the need
of improving LCA framework in order to evaluate the sources of uncertainty in
complex systems, such as biofuel life cycles.
References
Cherubini F, Strømman AH (2011) Life cycle assessment of bioenergy systems: state of the art and
future challenges. Bioresource Technol 102:437–451
Department of Climate change, National Development and Reform Commission, China (2008)
“2008 Baseline Emission Factors for Regional Power Grids in China” obtained on Dec, 2009
at http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/english/
Donzelli JL (2007) Use of fertilisers. In: Macedo IC (ed) Sugarcane’s Energy: twelve studies
on Brazilian sugarcane agribusiness and its sustainability, 2nd edn. Berlendis & Vertecchia:
UNICA, Brazil, São Paulo
Edwards R, Larivé J-F, Mahieu V, Rouveirolles P (2007) Well-to-Wheels analysis of future automotive fuels and powertrains in the European context. Well-To-Tank Report Version 2c, Tank-toWheels Report Version 2c, and Well-To-Wheel Report Version 2c, (CONCAWE, EuroCar and
IES publication, EUR 22342 EN, Luxembourg, EU. Available from: http://ies.jrc.ec.europa.eu/
Fargione J, Hill J, Tilman D, Polasky S, Hawthorne P (2008) Land clearing and the biofuel carbon
debt. Science 319:1235
Fukuda H, Kingsbury A, Obara K (2006) Japan bio-fuels bio-fuels production report. GAIN
Report Number: JA6024. USAD
Goldemberg J, Coelho S, Guardabassi P (2008) The sustainability of ethanol production from
sugarcane. Energy Policy 36(6):2086–2097
Hill J, Nelson E, Tilman D, Polasky S, Tiffany D (2006) Environmental, economic, and energetic
costs and benefits of biodiesel and ethanol biofuels. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 103:11206
IPCC (2006) IPCC: Guidelines for National Greenhouse gas inventories, Prepared by the National
greenhouse gas inventories programme
Macedo IC, Seabra JEA, Silva JEAR (2008) Green house gases emissions in the production and
use of ethanol from sugarcane in Brazil: the 2005/2006 averages and a prediction for 2020.
Biomass Bioenergy 32:582–595
Malça J, Freire F (2006) Renewability and life cycle energy efficiency of bioethanol and bioethyl tertiary butyl ether (bioETBE): assessing the implications of allocation. Energy
31(15):3362–3380
MAPA (2011a) Statistic Annuarium of Agroenergy 2010 (Anuário estatístico de agroenergia
2010) (in Portuguese) (http://www.agricultura.gov.br/desenvolvimento-sustentavel/agroenergia/publicacoes) (June 2011)
MAPA (2011b) Provisory Measure n°532 (Medida provisória n°532, de 28 de Abril de 2011)
(in Portuguese) (http://www.jusbrasil.com.br/legislacao/1027558/medida-provisoria-532-11)
(June 2011)
Menichetti E, Otto M (2009) Chapter 5: energy balance & greenhouse gas emissions of biofuels
from a life-cycle perspective. In: Howarth RW, Bringezu S (eds) Biofuels: environmental consequences and interactions with changing land use, Germany, (SCOPE 2009)
Ministry of Environment, Japan (2010) CO2 emission factor of electricity (in Japanese): http://
www.env.go.jp/earth/ghg-santeikohyo/material/denkihaishutu.html
K. Hanaki and J. Portugal-Pereira