Editors
Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science (IR3S)
Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS)
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES)
Kanagawa, Japan
Osamu Saito
United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
Tokyo, Japan
Hideaki Shiroyama
Graduate School of Law and Politics
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Masahiro Matsuura
Graduate School of Governance Studies
Meiji University
Tokyo, Japan
ISSN 2197-7348
ISSN 2197-7356 (electronic)
Science for Sustainable Societies
ISBN 978-4-431-54894-2
ISBN 978-4-431-54895-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54895-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963003
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2018, c
This book is
published open access.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any
noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive
license has been granted to the publisher.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Japan KK part of Springer
Nature.
The registered company address is: Shiroyama Trust Tower, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo
105-6005, Japan
corrected publication 2019.
Kazuhiko Takeuchi
Integrated Research System for Sustainability
Science (IR3S)
Institutes for Advanced Study (UTIAS)
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Institute for Global Environmental
Strategies (IGES)
Kanagawa, Japan
Osamu Saito
United Nations University Institute for the
Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS)
Tokyo, Japan
Hideaki Shiroyama
Graduate School of Law and Politics
The University of Tokyo
Tokyo, Japan
Masahiro Matsuura
Graduate School of Governance Studies
Meiji University
Tokyo, Japan
ISSN 2197-7348
ISSN 2197-7356 (electronic)
Science for Sustainable Societies
ISBN 978-4-431-54894-2
ISBN 978-4-431-54895-9 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54895-9
Library of Congress Control Number: 2017963003
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2018, c
This book is
published open access.
Open Access This book is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial
2.5 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/), which permits any
noncommercial use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long
as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative
Commons license and indicate if changes were made.
The images or other third party material in this book are included in the book’s Creative Commons
license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the book’s
Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the
permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder.
This work is subject to copyright. All commercial rights are reserved by the author(s), whether the whole
or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations,
recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or
information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar
methodology now known or hereafter developed. Regarding these commercial rights a non-exclusive
license has been granted to the publisher.
The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication
does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant
protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book
are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the
editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors
or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims
in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Printed on acid-free paper
This Springer imprint is published by the registered company Springer Japan KK part of Springer
Nature.
The registered company address is: Shiroyama Trust Tower, 4-3-1 Toranomon, Minato-ku, Tokyo
105-6005, Japan
corrected publication 2019.