177
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2018
K. Takeuchi et al. (eds.), Biofuels and Sustainability, Science for Sustainable
Societies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54895-9_11
Chapter 11
Roadmap for Building Sustainable Strategy
Options
Masahiro Matsuura and Hideaki Shiroyama
11.1 Mutual-Gains Approach to Sustainable Policy
11.1.1 Failure of Command and Control Approach
Traditionally, the command and control approach has dominated the realm of environmental regulations. In a nutshell, the government is supposed to set a standard by
obtaining objective scientific information and conducting a rational assessment of
risks and benefits, and to enforce it by conventional stick and carrot mechanisms
such as monitoring and penalty. In reality, however, this model has turned out to be
not as effective as it was supposed to be. First of all, the cost of monitoring all regulated activities turns out to be too large for the public to pay for. While there have
been efforts to improve monitoring devices, only a few who tries to make a large
sum of short-term profit by evading regulations can do an enormous harm to the
environment. Secondly, the command and control approach encouraged distrust
among stakeholders. Supervising agencies and environmental groups are always
being skeptical about what the industry does. Meanwhile, the industry becomes
frustrated with the regulatory pressures and tried to manipulate through lobbing. In
the end, rule-making processes become acrimonious, and the main goal of protecting the public through regulation is forgotten in the battle.
Thus, a new approach to rule-making is needed. In preparing the sustainable
strategy options for biofuel utilization, an alternative to command and control is
needed as well. It is simply impossible to set an ideal strategy for sustainable biofuM. Matsuura (*)
Graduate School of Governance Studies, Meiji University,
1-1 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan
e-mail: mmatsuura@meiji.ac.jp
H. Shiroyama
Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan
© The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2018
K. Takeuchi et al. (eds.), Biofuels and Sustainability, Science for Sustainable
Societies, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-54895-9_11
Chapter 11
Roadmap for Building Sustainable Strategy
Options
Masahiro Matsuura and Hideaki Shiroyama
11.1 Mutual-Gains Approach to Sustainable Policy
11.1.1 Failure of Command and Control Approach
Traditionally, the command and control approach has dominated the realm of environmental regulations. In a nutshell, the government is supposed to set a standard by
obtaining objective scientific information and conducting a rational assessment of
risks and benefits, and to enforce it by conventional stick and carrot mechanisms
such as monitoring and penalty. In reality, however, this model has turned out to be
not as effective as it was supposed to be. First of all, the cost of monitoring all regulated activities turns out to be too large for the public to pay for. While there have
been efforts to improve monitoring devices, only a few who tries to make a large
sum of short-term profit by evading regulations can do an enormous harm to the
environment. Secondly, the command and control approach encouraged distrust
among stakeholders. Supervising agencies and environmental groups are always
being skeptical about what the industry does. Meanwhile, the industry becomes
frustrated with the regulatory pressures and tried to manipulate through lobbing. In
the end, rule-making processes become acrimonious, and the main goal of protecting the public through regulation is forgotten in the battle.
Thus, a new approach to rule-making is needed. In preparing the sustainable
strategy options for biofuel utilization, an alternative to command and control is
needed as well. It is simply impossible to set an ideal strategy for sustainable biofuM. Matsuura (*)
Graduate School of Governance Studies, Meiji University,
1-1 Kanda Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan
e-mail: mmatsuura@meiji.ac.jp
H. Shiroyama
Graduate School of Law and Politics, The University of Tokyo,
Tokyo, Japan