3
1.2 Current Situation of Biofuel Production in the World
According to the OECD-FAO (2013), the bioethanol production in the USA in 2013
is 55,769.8 million litres, and in Brazil, it is 28,684.5 million litres. The total production of both occupies 74.2% (USA, 48.9% and Brazil, 25.2%) of world production, 113,853.8 million litres. This trend is similar for the productions and shares of
both countries; those of the USA are 79,997.3 million litres, 47.8%, and those of
Brazil are 47,375.9 million litres, 28.3%, in 2022. Biofuel production has a long
history. For instance, bioethanol was used for the Ford Model T in 1919, and blending bioethanol into gas was made obligatory in Brazil in 1931. However, increasing
biofuel production in many countries and regions except Brazil is currently a possibility. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Renewable Fuel Standard of the
USA by President George W. Bush in 2005 as a midterm policy direction of energy
in the USA and the State of the Union address by President Bush in 2006 and 2007
have had large impacts on biofuel policy in many countries and regions.
Bio-diesel productions of countries and regions in 2013 are as follows: EU27,
11,287.6 million litres (39.6%); USA, 6057.5 million litres (21.2%);
Brazil,2405.0 million litres (11.5%); and Argentina, 2697.1 million litres (9.5%).
This means that bio-diesel production is concentrated in a few countries and regions.
Although it is expected that India produces a rather large amount of bio-diesels, it
only produces 776.3 million litres (1.9%). EU27 is expected to produce 18,281.6 million litres (45.0%) along with the USA at 6267.2 million litres (15.4%), Brazil at
3336.6 million litres (8.2%) and Argentina at 3451.4 million litres (8.2%) in 2022.
Bio-diesel production has a long history, as is the case of bioethanol. Although
small-scale bio-diesel production was produced and used from the 1930s in some
parts of the world, rapidly increasing bio-diesel production has been seen since
approximately 2005, as is the case of bio-diesel.
While biofuel production has increased all over the world based on the futures
indicated in Sect. 1.1, there is scepticism of the features. Promoting biofuel production may not only increase food supply and demand with adverse effects on agricultural production but also accelerate global warming.
1.3 Issues of Biofuels
The Kyoto protocol treats biofuels as carbon neutral; however, the whole producing
process of biofuels, what we call the life cycle, should be evaluated. This process
includes the energy input of agricultural production and energy crops for biofuels.
Hill et al. (2006) estimated the energy balance of bioethanol production with DDGS
(Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles) from maize in 11 input cases. In addition,
1 Introduction
1.2 Current Situation of Biofuel Production in the World
According to the OECD-FAO (2013), the bioethanol production in the USA in 2013
is 55,769.8 million litres, and in Brazil, it is 28,684.5 million litres. The total production of both occupies 74.2% (USA, 48.9% and Brazil, 25.2%) of world production, 113,853.8 million litres. This trend is similar for the productions and shares of
both countries; those of the USA are 79,997.3 million litres, 47.8%, and those of
Brazil are 47,375.9 million litres, 28.3%, in 2022. Biofuel production has a long
history. For instance, bioethanol was used for the Ford Model T in 1919, and blending bioethanol into gas was made obligatory in Brazil in 1931. However, increasing
biofuel production in many countries and regions except Brazil is currently a possibility. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 and the Renewable Fuel Standard of the
USA by President George W. Bush in 2005 as a midterm policy direction of energy
in the USA and the State of the Union address by President Bush in 2006 and 2007
have had large impacts on biofuel policy in many countries and regions.
Bio-diesel productions of countries and regions in 2013 are as follows: EU27,
11,287.6 million litres (39.6%); USA, 6057.5 million litres (21.2%);
Brazil,2405.0 million litres (11.5%); and Argentina, 2697.1 million litres (9.5%).
This means that bio-diesel production is concentrated in a few countries and regions.
Although it is expected that India produces a rather large amount of bio-diesels, it
only produces 776.3 million litres (1.9%). EU27 is expected to produce 18,281.6 million litres (45.0%) along with the USA at 6267.2 million litres (15.4%), Brazil at
3336.6 million litres (8.2%) and Argentina at 3451.4 million litres (8.2%) in 2022.
Bio-diesel production has a long history, as is the case of bioethanol. Although
small-scale bio-diesel production was produced and used from the 1930s in some
parts of the world, rapidly increasing bio-diesel production has been seen since
approximately 2005, as is the case of bio-diesel.
While biofuel production has increased all over the world based on the futures
indicated in Sect. 1.1, there is scepticism of the features. Promoting biofuel production may not only increase food supply and demand with adverse effects on agricultural production but also accelerate global warming.
1.3 Issues of Biofuels
The Kyoto protocol treats biofuels as carbon neutral; however, the whole producing
process of biofuels, what we call the life cycle, should be evaluated. This process
includes the energy input of agricultural production and energy crops for biofuels.
Hill et al. (2006) estimated the energy balance of bioethanol production with DDGS
(Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles) from maize in 11 input cases. In addition,
1 Introduction