42
2.1 Introduction
Before any type of standard recommended by standardization committees is
employed in practice, the following points should be emphasized:
– The application of standards is not compulsory.
– Obeying standards is usually voluntary.
– These statements are supplied as recommendations and suggestions during the
investigation and studying of urban climate.
The original aims in elaborating these guidelines were:
– to review the current status of urban observations and the establishment of urban
meteorological networks;
– to identify sampling infrastructures to be developed in urban areas;
– to provide a reference system for cities which lack a monitoring network but
intend to deploy one;
– to demonstrate a prototype for a new monitoring system that is already
operational.
Any city operating measurement sites for UHI detection is strongly encouraged
to adopt the recommendations of the Gold Standard to its measurement and evaluation systems in order to obtain better coverage of UHI phenomena over the city.
Finally, these standardized approaches and guidelines are useful for making recommendations for the future deployment of urban climate networks. The final chapter includes the new communication and data transmission techniques for urban
observation networks.
In this era, environmental observations are not the sole privilege of hydrological
and meteorological institutions. There are several examples of different networks
working together, with the output of each supplementing the others. It remains true
that reliable data are needed; networks and measuring systems need to meet various
requirements (for example ISO 2009:2008). Complying with these regulations and
laws can make the operation of such measuring systems more expensive.
The description presented below shows that any kind of observation requires a
significant financial effort, technical background, and maintenance capacity for any
agency, municipality, or national institution undertaking this activity. New in-situ
observatories based on citizens’ personal devices reduce investment in and running
costs of in-situ observations and monitoring applications. One method called
“Citizen Observatories” is based on devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptops,
and social media, and it can strengthen environmental monitoring capabilities.
2.2 Concepts
The heterogeneous natural and artificial surfaces of urban environments imply that
atmospheric observations require a dense measuring network to resolve the local
climate adequately. In this document, the current state of urban meteorological sites
and networks is shown. Afterward, this document presents suggestions for better
G. Baranka et al.
2.1 Introduction
Before any type of standard recommended by standardization committees is
employed in practice, the following points should be emphasized:
– The application of standards is not compulsory.
– Obeying standards is usually voluntary.
– These statements are supplied as recommendations and suggestions during the
investigation and studying of urban climate.
The original aims in elaborating these guidelines were:
– to review the current status of urban observations and the establishment of urban
meteorological networks;
– to identify sampling infrastructures to be developed in urban areas;
– to provide a reference system for cities which lack a monitoring network but
intend to deploy one;
– to demonstrate a prototype for a new monitoring system that is already
operational.
Any city operating measurement sites for UHI detection is strongly encouraged
to adopt the recommendations of the Gold Standard to its measurement and evaluation systems in order to obtain better coverage of UHI phenomena over the city.
Finally, these standardized approaches and guidelines are useful for making recommendations for the future deployment of urban climate networks. The final chapter includes the new communication and data transmission techniques for urban
observation networks.
In this era, environmental observations are not the sole privilege of hydrological
and meteorological institutions. There are several examples of different networks
working together, with the output of each supplementing the others. It remains true
that reliable data are needed; networks and measuring systems need to meet various
requirements (for example ISO 2009:2008). Complying with these regulations and
laws can make the operation of such measuring systems more expensive.
The description presented below shows that any kind of observation requires a
significant financial effort, technical background, and maintenance capacity for any
agency, municipality, or national institution undertaking this activity. New in-situ
observatories based on citizens’ personal devices reduce investment in and running
costs of in-situ observations and monitoring applications. One method called
“Citizen Observatories” is based on devices such as smart phones, tablets, laptops,
and social media, and it can strengthen environmental monitoring capabilities.
2.2 Concepts
The heterogeneous natural and artificial surfaces of urban environments imply that
atmospheric observations require a dense measuring network to resolve the local
climate adequately. In this document, the current state of urban meteorological sites
and networks is shown. Afterward, this document presents suggestions for better
G. Baranka et al.