255
15 op. cit.
16 Echenique M.H., Hargreaves A.J., Mitchell G., and Namdeo A. (2012), “Growing Cities
Sustainably. Does Urban Form Really Matter?”, Journal of the American Planning
Association, vol. 78/2, pp. 121–137.
countries and aimed at sustainability-oriented planning are based on:
«Quantitative limits for annual land take exist only in six Member States:
Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
the United Kingdom. In all cases the limits are indicative and are used as
monitoring tools”,
15 for example: «In England, 10 % of the total land area,
which includes country roads, is urban and, according to the Department for
Communities and Local Government (2008), over 70 % of new development
is taking place on this previously developed land (i.e., brownfield) at high
densities to conserve greenfield land. This is a highly restrictive land use policy, constraining the supply of new houses and limiting lifestyle choice».
16
Similar rules have been adopted in other European countries: in Germany,
measures were introduced for progressive control of land consumption with
the goal of reaching zero consumption in 2050, by envisaging re-use of
brownfield sites, requiring new urbanization to only occur in areas accessible
by public transport and urban development plans to be designed in such a way
to enhance compact urban centres and provide them with services, such as
Active City and District Centres (2008). In France, the “Schémas de la
Cohérence Territoriale” (SCOT) – large-scale plans which serve as a guide for
the local plans - allow to determine perimeter of the protected natural and
urbanized spaces. The SCOTs impose the principle of “extension limitée de
l’urbanisation” which establishes limits to the urbanisation of non-anthropized
areas and the realization of large commercial spaces.
Different regions in Italy are preparing urban regulations aimed to control
land consumption: Regione Veneto is working on a draft law on the reduction
of land consumption through urban regeneration; this work began at the end
of 2013 but the draft law is still under discussion. Regione Toscana is engaged
in reviewing its Regional planning law with the introduction of specific measures to contain land use; Regione Puglia, which has already passed a law to
encourage and facilitate access of youth to agriculture and combat the abandonment and consumption of agricultural land.
In addition to planning, the most common tools for urban growth control
are greenbelts and urban growth boundaries, applied in different cities around
the world (London, Berlin, Portland, Beijing, Singapore, etc.) with the aim of
defining and delimiting the physical boundary between the city and the countryside, with the contribution also of fiscal and regulatory measures and other
indications such as the re-use of dismissed areas and buildings to encourage
(continued)
8 Mitigation of and Adaptation to UHI Phenomena: The Padua Case Study
15 op. cit.
16 Echenique M.H., Hargreaves A.J., Mitchell G., and Namdeo A. (2012), “Growing Cities
Sustainably. Does Urban Form Really Matter?”, Journal of the American Planning
Association, vol. 78/2, pp. 121–137.
countries and aimed at sustainability-oriented planning are based on:
«Quantitative limits for annual land take exist only in six Member States:
Austria, Belgium (Flanders), Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and
the United Kingdom. In all cases the limits are indicative and are used as
monitoring tools”,
15 for example: «In England, 10 % of the total land area,
which includes country roads, is urban and, according to the Department for
Communities and Local Government (2008), over 70 % of new development
is taking place on this previously developed land (i.e., brownfield) at high
densities to conserve greenfield land. This is a highly restrictive land use policy, constraining the supply of new houses and limiting lifestyle choice».
16
Similar rules have been adopted in other European countries: in Germany,
measures were introduced for progressive control of land consumption with
the goal of reaching zero consumption in 2050, by envisaging re-use of
brownfield sites, requiring new urbanization to only occur in areas accessible
by public transport and urban development plans to be designed in such a way
to enhance compact urban centres and provide them with services, such as
Active City and District Centres (2008). In France, the “Schémas de la
Cohérence Territoriale” (SCOT) – large-scale plans which serve as a guide for
the local plans - allow to determine perimeter of the protected natural and
urbanized spaces. The SCOTs impose the principle of “extension limitée de
l’urbanisation” which establishes limits to the urbanisation of non-anthropized
areas and the realization of large commercial spaces.
Different regions in Italy are preparing urban regulations aimed to control
land consumption: Regione Veneto is working on a draft law on the reduction
of land consumption through urban regeneration; this work began at the end
of 2013 but the draft law is still under discussion. Regione Toscana is engaged
in reviewing its Regional planning law with the introduction of specific measures to contain land use; Regione Puglia, which has already passed a law to
encourage and facilitate access of youth to agriculture and combat the abandonment and consumption of agricultural land.
In addition to planning, the most common tools for urban growth control
are greenbelts and urban growth boundaries, applied in different cities around
the world (London, Berlin, Portland, Beijing, Singapore, etc.) with the aim of
defining and delimiting the physical boundary between the city and the countryside, with the contribution also of fiscal and regulatory measures and other
indications such as the re-use of dismissed areas and buildings to encourage
(continued)
8 Mitigation of and Adaptation to UHI Phenomena: The Padua Case Study