D
Dacite, 60, 61
Dark-colored scoria particle, 65
Desalinization, 149, 150, 152
Difference method, 172, 173
Dioctahedral, 21, 40–42, 50, 56
Dioctahedral mica, 21, 50, 56
Dispersion, 5, 70
Double chain silicate, 19
E
Earthquake, 134, 150
Earth’s crust, 12, 23, 162
Eastonite, 22
Ecosystem service, 1–5
EDX spectrum-mimic graph, 20–22, 24, 26, 61
Electrolyte concentration, 147
Electroneutrality, 40
Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, 6, 7
Enstatite, 17
Environmental factor, 2–5, 33
Epidermis, 101, 125
Erosion, 4, 12, 29, 136, 137, 140, 159
Essential element, 2, 3, 52, 124, 162
Eutrophication, 3, 163
Evaporite, 133, 142
Exchangeable cation, 4, 37, 38, 42, 46,
136–138, 144, 148
Exchangeable Fe
2+ , 99, 105
Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), 138,
143, 145–147, 149
Exodermis, 101, 109, 111, 116–119, 121, 125
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
(EXAFS), 7
F
Feldspar, 12, 17, 20, 22–25, 29–31, 76, 77
Ferrihydrite, 38, 76, 82, 87, 90, 99, 104, 105
Ferrosilite, 17
Fibrous glass, 60, 63, 64
Fluoroapatite, 163
Food chain, 2
Framboidal pyrite, 126–128, 142
G
Gamma-ray spectrometry, 7, 154, 156
Gibbsite, 38–40, 42, 50, 51, 53, 66, 170
Gibbsite sheet, 39, 40, 50, 51, 66
Glyceration, 42–44, 47, 48
Goethite, 38, 54, 55, 100
Granitic soil, 21, 22, 33, 163
Granitoid, 29
Granular microstructure, 79
Greene-Kelly test, 45, 47
Gypsum, 38, 124, 126, 142, 145, 146
H
Half-life, 152
Halite, 142
Halloysite, 33, 38, 41–45, 48, 75, 76, 91, 92, 170
Heavy mineral, 5, 61, 126
High-temperature feldspar, 25, 31
Hornblende, 20, 21, 29, 31, 33
Hygrophyte, 105, 115
Hypersthene, 17
I
Igneous rock, 12, 21, 49
Ilmenite, 27, 28
Imaging plate (IP), 7, 155–157
Imogolite, 4, 6, 14, 59, 60, 66–69, 73, 74, 76,
78, 80, 82, 90–92
Indian Ocean tsunami, 152
Infrared absorption spectroscopy, 169
Inosilicate, 13
Intermittent irrigation, 102, 103, 114
Iron mottle, 101, 104–110, 114, 115, 121, 123
Iron plaque, 100, 105, 106, 111, 115–119, 121,
123, 124
Iron plaque-like mottle, 105
Irregular pore, 101, 108, 115
Isomorphous substitution, 22, 42, 45, 47
Ito pyroclastic flow, 63, 64
J
Jarosite, 127, 128
Jogan tephra, 64
K
Kaolinite, 38, 41–44, 46
Kaolin mineral, 42, 50, 74, 76, 146
K G value, 145, 147
Kikai-Akahoya (K-Ah) tephra, 62, 63
K saturation, 42–49
Kunipia F, 46
178
Index
Dacite, 60, 61
Dark-colored scoria particle, 65
Desalinization, 149, 150, 152
Difference method, 172, 173
Dioctahedral, 21, 40–42, 50, 56
Dioctahedral mica, 21, 50, 56
Dispersion, 5, 70
Double chain silicate, 19
E
Earthquake, 134, 150
Earth’s crust, 12, 23, 162
Eastonite, 22
Ecosystem service, 1–5
EDX spectrum-mimic graph, 20–22, 24, 26, 61
Electrolyte concentration, 147
Electroneutrality, 40
Energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis, 6, 7
Enstatite, 17
Environmental factor, 2–5, 33
Epidermis, 101, 125
Erosion, 4, 12, 29, 136, 137, 140, 159
Essential element, 2, 3, 52, 124, 162
Eutrophication, 3, 163
Evaporite, 133, 142
Exchangeable cation, 4, 37, 38, 42, 46,
136–138, 144, 148
Exchangeable Fe
2+ , 99, 105
Exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP), 138,
143, 145–147, 149
Exodermis, 101, 109, 111, 116–119, 121, 125
Extended X-ray absorption fine structure
(EXAFS), 7
F
Feldspar, 12, 17, 20, 22–25, 29–31, 76, 77
Ferrihydrite, 38, 76, 82, 87, 90, 99, 104, 105
Ferrosilite, 17
Fibrous glass, 60, 63, 64
Fluoroapatite, 163
Food chain, 2
Framboidal pyrite, 126–128, 142
G
Gamma-ray spectrometry, 7, 154, 156
Gibbsite, 38–40, 42, 50, 51, 53, 66, 170
Gibbsite sheet, 39, 40, 50, 51, 66
Glyceration, 42–44, 47, 48
Goethite, 38, 54, 55, 100
Granitic soil, 21, 22, 33, 163
Granitoid, 29
Granular microstructure, 79
Greene-Kelly test, 45, 47
Gypsum, 38, 124, 126, 142, 145, 146
H
Half-life, 152
Halite, 142
Halloysite, 33, 38, 41–45, 48, 75, 76, 91, 92, 170
Heavy mineral, 5, 61, 126
High-temperature feldspar, 25, 31
Hornblende, 20, 21, 29, 31, 33
Hygrophyte, 105, 115
Hypersthene, 17
I
Igneous rock, 12, 21, 49
Ilmenite, 27, 28
Imaging plate (IP), 7, 155–157
Imogolite, 4, 6, 14, 59, 60, 66–69, 73, 74, 76,
78, 80, 82, 90–92
Indian Ocean tsunami, 152
Infrared absorption spectroscopy, 169
Inosilicate, 13
Intermittent irrigation, 102, 103, 114
Iron mottle, 101, 104–110, 114, 115, 121, 123
Iron plaque, 100, 105, 106, 111, 115–119, 121,
123, 124
Iron plaque-like mottle, 105
Irregular pore, 101, 108, 115
Isomorphous substitution, 22, 42, 45, 47
Ito pyroclastic flow, 63, 64
J
Jarosite, 127, 128
Jogan tephra, 64
K
Kaolinite, 38, 41–44, 46
Kaolin mineral, 42, 50, 74, 76, 146
K G value, 145, 147
Kikai-Akahoya (K-Ah) tephra, 62, 63
K saturation, 42–49
Kunipia F, 46
178
Index