Contents
Preface
xiii
1
Molecular representations and nomenclature
1
1.1
Molecular representations
1
1.2
Partial structures
3
1.3
Functional groups
4
1.4
Systematic nomenclature
6
1.5
Common groups and abbreviations
14
1.6
Common, non-systematic names
15
1.7
Trivial names for complex structures
15
1.8
Acronyms
15
1.9
Pronunciation
16
2
Atomic structure and bonding
19
2.1
Atomic structure
19
2.2
Bonding and valency
19
2.3
Atomic orbitals
20
2.4
Electronic configurations
23
2.5
Ionic bonding
23
2.6
Covalent bonding
24
2.6.1
Molecular orbitals: σ and π bonds
24
2.6.2
Hybrid orbitals in carbon
26
2.6.3
Hybrid orbitals in oxygen and nitrogen
33
2.7
Bond polarity
35
2.8
Conjugation
37
2.9
Aromaticity
41
2.9.1
Benzene
41
2.9.2
Cyclooctatetraene
42
2.9.3
H¨ uckel’s rule
42
2.9.4
Kekul´ e structures
44
2.9.5
Aromaticity and ring currents
44