CONTENTS
xi
14.2.4
The genetic code
555
14.2.5
Messenger RNA synthesis: transcription
556
14.2.6
Transfer RNA and translation
556
14.3 Some other important nucleosides and nucleotides: ATP, SAM,
Coenzyme A, NAD, FAD
559
14.4 Nucleotide biosynthesis
563
14.5 Determination of nucleotide sequence
564
14.5.1
Restriction endonucleases
564
14.5.2
Chemical sequencing
564
14.6 Oligonucleotide synthesis: the phosphoramidite method
566
14.7 Copying DNA: the polymerase chain reaction
569
15 The organic chemistry of intermediary metabolism
573
15.1 Intermediary metabolism
573
15.1.1
Oxidation reactions and ATP
574
15.1.2
Oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain
577
15.2 The glycolytic pathway
579
15.3 The Krebs cycle
584
15.4 Oxidation of fatty acids
589
15.4.1
Metabolism of saturated fatty acids
590
15.4.2
Metabolism of unsaturated fatty acids
592
15.5 Synthesis of fatty acids
594
15.6 Amino acids and transamination
598
15.7 PLP-dependent reactions
600
15.8 TPP-dependent reactions
605
15.9 Biotin-dependent carboxylations
609
16 How to approach examination questions: selected problems and
answers
611
16.1 Examination questions: useful advice
611
16.2 How to approach the problem: ‘Propose a mechanism for . . .’
612
16.3 Worked problems
613
Index
675