5.23 Peptide Hormones and the Design of Drugs for Hypertension 378
5.24 Peptide and Steroid Hormones as Starting Points in
Drug Design 381
Selected References 382
6. Messenger Targets for Drug Action III:
Immunomodulators and Their Receptors 386
6.1 Overview of the Immune System as a Source of Drug Targets 386
6.2 Design of Immunosuppressive Drugs 392
6.3 Design of Immunomodulating Drugs 398
6.4 The Clinical–Molecular Interface: Collagen Diseases 403
Selected References 405
7. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action I:
Endogenous Cellular Structures 406
7.1 Cellular Structures: Relevant Anatomy and Physiology 406
7.2 Targeting Cell Membrane Structures: Lipid Component 409
7.3 Targeting Cell Membrane Structures: Protein Component 412
7.4 Targeting Cell Membrane Proteins: Voltage-Gated
Ion Channels 413
7.5 Targeting Cell Membrane Proteins: Ligand-Gated Ion Channels 432
7.6 Targeting Cell Membrane Proteins: Transmembrane
Transporter Proteins 433
7.7 Targeting Cellular Cytoplasmic Structures 439
7.8 Targeting Cell Nucleus Structures 441
Selected References 463
8. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action II:
Endogenous Macromolecules 465
8.1 Endogenous Macromolecules: Relevant Biochemistry 465
8.2 Proteins as Drugs and Drug Design Targets: Enzymes 483
8.3 Proteins as Drugs and Drug Design Targets: Non-Enzymes 513
8.4 Nucleic Acids as Drugs and Drug Design Targets 517
8.5 Lipids as Drugs and Drug Design Targets 519
8.6 Carbohydrates as Drugs and Drug Design Targets 528
8.7 Heterocycles as Drugs and Drug Design Targets 529
8.8 Inorganic Substances as Drugs and Drug Design Targets 532
Selected References 538
9. Nonmessenger Targets for Drug Action III:
Exogenous Pathogens and Toxins 543
9.1 Exogenous Pathogens as Targets
for Drug Design 543
9.2 Drug Design Targeting Prions 546
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