Contents
Preface
ix
1 Introduction
1
1.1 Role of chemistry in modern life
1
1.2 Physical properties of drug molecules
3
2 Atomic structure and bonding
17
2.1 Atoms, elements and compounds
17
2.2 Atomic structure: orbitals and electronic configurations
18
2.3 Chemical bonding theories: formation of chemical bonds
21
2.4 Electronegativity and chemical bonding
27
2.5 Bond polarity and intermolecular forces
28
2.6 Significance of chemical bonding in drug–receptor interactions
31
3 Stereochemistry
35
3.1 Stereochemistry: definition
36
3.2 Isomerism
36
3.3 Significance of stereoisomerism in determining drug action and toxicity
53
3.4 Synthesis of chiral molecules
55
3.5 Separation of stereoisomers: resolution of racemic mixtures
56
3.6 Compounds with stereocentres other than carbon
57
3.7 Chiral compounds that do not have a tetrahedral atom with four
different groups
57
4 Organic functional groups
59
4.1 Organic functional groups: definition and structural features
60
4.2 Hydrocarbons
61
4.3 Alkanes, cycloalkanes and their derivatives
61
4.4 Alkenes and their derivatives
103
4.5 Alkynes and their derivatives
108
4.6 Aromatic compounds and their derivatives
112
4.7 Heterocyclic compounds and their derivatives
143
4.8 Nucleic acids
170
4.9 Amino acids and peptides
179
4.10 Importance of functional groups in determining drug actions and toxicity
184
4.11 Importance of functional groups in determining stability of drugs
188
5 Organic reactions
191
5.1 Types of organic reaction
191
5.2 Radical reactions: free radical chain reactions
192
5.3 Addition reactions
197
5.4 Elimination reactions: 1,2-elimination or b-elimination
223