Shahabuddin, Rahaman, Rehman, Ahmad, and Khan
20
1.6 Cellular Systems beyond 3G
We present an overview of HSPA+, WiMAX and LTE in the following subsections.
Although many industries started marketing the WiMAX as 4G systems, technically
that was not the case. From an engineering perspective, both WiMAX and LTE represent a break from conventional 3G systems in terms of air‐interface technology and
network architecture both. These systems are capable of providing throughput level in
megabit per second by using advanced signal procession techniques [6,22].
1.6.1 HSPA+
In June 2007, the Release 7 of 3GPP made an enhancement as a further evolution of
HSPA. It is sometimes referred to as HSPA+. The key technical enhancements of
HSPA+ are achieving higher‐order modulation with multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) by gaining higher peak rates, operation in dual‐carrier downlink, packet
connectivity when required to improve battery life, improved mobile receivers for
capacity enhancement, and improved data rate and using single frequency network
for better performance in multi‐cast and broadcast. In May 2010, 56 operators in 34
countries deployed HSPA+ [7,25].
1.6.2 Mobile WiMAX
The institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) established a group, named
802.16, to develop a standard for wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN). They
introduced a standard for fixed wireless application in 2001, and gradually this
was enhanced to support mobility. This revised version was known as 802.16e in 2005
and renamed as Mobile WiMAX. The industry consortium, named the Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum, was formed in 2001. The
main purposes were to promote, develop, perform interoperability, conformance testing and certify end‐to‐end wireless systems based on the IEEE 802.16 air‐interface
standards. In 2007, WiMAX gained the approval of ITU as an IMT‐2000 terrestrial
radio interface option called IP‐OFDMA. As the WiMAX network is designed using IP
protocols, which does not offer circuit switched voice telephony, voice services can be
provided using the VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). Within 2010, there were
504 WiMAX network operators in 147 countries. The notable thing is the number of
motivational aspects in LTE design; for example, usages of OFDM and OFDMA
technology, was inspired by the implementation of WiMAX [6,17,19].
Table 1.2 Structure of AUTN field of an authentication vector.
Field
Description
SQN
Sequence Number
AMF
Authentication management Field
MAC‐A
Message authentication code
20
1.6 Cellular Systems beyond 3G
We present an overview of HSPA+, WiMAX and LTE in the following subsections.
Although many industries started marketing the WiMAX as 4G systems, technically
that was not the case. From an engineering perspective, both WiMAX and LTE represent a break from conventional 3G systems in terms of air‐interface technology and
network architecture both. These systems are capable of providing throughput level in
megabit per second by using advanced signal procession techniques [6,22].
1.6.1 HSPA+
In June 2007, the Release 7 of 3GPP made an enhancement as a further evolution of
HSPA. It is sometimes referred to as HSPA+. The key technical enhancements of
HSPA+ are achieving higher‐order modulation with multiple input multiple output
(MIMO) by gaining higher peak rates, operation in dual‐carrier downlink, packet
connectivity when required to improve battery life, improved mobile receivers for
capacity enhancement, and improved data rate and using single frequency network
for better performance in multi‐cast and broadcast. In May 2010, 56 operators in 34
countries deployed HSPA+ [7,25].
1.6.2 Mobile WiMAX
The institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) established a group, named
802.16, to develop a standard for wireless metropolitan area network (WMAN). They
introduced a standard for fixed wireless application in 2001, and gradually this
was enhanced to support mobility. This revised version was known as 802.16e in 2005
and renamed as Mobile WiMAX. The industry consortium, named the Worldwide
Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) Forum, was formed in 2001. The
main purposes were to promote, develop, perform interoperability, conformance testing and certify end‐to‐end wireless systems based on the IEEE 802.16 air‐interface
standards. In 2007, WiMAX gained the approval of ITU as an IMT‐2000 terrestrial
radio interface option called IP‐OFDMA. As the WiMAX network is designed using IP
protocols, which does not offer circuit switched voice telephony, voice services can be
provided using the VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol). Within 2010, there were
504 WiMAX network operators in 147 countries. The notable thing is the number of
motivational aspects in LTE design; for example, usages of OFDM and OFDMA
technology, was inspired by the implementation of WiMAX [6,17,19].
Table 1.2 Structure of AUTN field of an authentication vector.
Field
Description
SQN
Sequence Number
AMF
Authentication management Field
MAC‐A
Message authentication code