Safety of 5G Network Physical Infrastructures 171
exceptional but acceptable, becoming unexceptional (i.e. normal) and unacceptable
[25], such as accelerated degradation and interruption of vital services.
Therefore, there is a need to limit the consequences of failures and accelerate service
resumption capabilities, both through engineering solutions and by managing consumer
expectations [26]. Yet, research shows that the great majority of organisations managing
critical infrastructure networks do not include climate change mitigation options, let
alone adaptation strategies and resilience assessments in their strategic plans [27].
Insurers begin to consider this reality as a serious vulnerability and insurance premiums
will surely rise for those who fail to demonstrate that they developed appropriate infrastructure resilience strategies, including climate change adaptation measures [28].
It is essential that stakeholders can turn the page to inefficient past practices and
commit themselves to comprehensive and continuous planning and management policies of critical infrastructure assets, with the goal of reducing uncertainties, risks and
magnitude of adverse consequences, and increasing sector and society safety, resilience
and sustainability.
In recent years, many steps have been made towards understanding climate change
and its effects, and developing sectoral plans to target resilience. However, all these
plans lack the contribution from structural engineering, which is critical to understand
the performance of physical infrastructures.
Of particular importance is the use of structural health monitoring techniques and
equipment, such as fibre‐optic sensors based on Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG) [29]. In the
last decade, there has been a growing interest in the field of structural health monitoring,
resulting in the development of new techniques and equipment such as the fibre‐optic
sensors based on FBG. The recent improvement of sensors, based on all optical technology to study the dynamic behaviour of structures, presents itself as a valuable tool for the
assessment of structural integrity and dynamic response of communication structures.
Though conventional electronic accelerometers can be used, the high level of electromagnetic radiation near the antennas can easily mislead the interpretation of results and
can also interfere with radio operation [29]. Another approach is the use of all‐optical
instrumentation like FBG accelerometers (Figure 8.3). Therefore, newly developed SHM
techniques could be used to obtain valuable data about the structural behaviour, which
would be used to validate, calibrate and/or verify numerical model simulations.
8.3 Structural Design Philosophy
8.3.1 Basis
Almost all modern structural design codes for the design and analysis of civil engineering infrastructures are based on the Limit State Design (LSD) principles, which in the
USA is termed Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
The LSD principles are semi‐probabilistic. In this methodology, the format for
structural design verification is expressed by a simple comparison between factored
resistances and factored actions (or action effects) without explicitly assessing the
reliability or the risks. Due to the fact that resistances and actions are subject to
uncertainties, probabilistic analyses were performed to derive statistically representative values (characteristic values) taking into account the design working life of
the structure and the uncertainty of different physical properties and conditions.
exceptional but acceptable, becoming unexceptional (i.e. normal) and unacceptable
[25], such as accelerated degradation and interruption of vital services.
Therefore, there is a need to limit the consequences of failures and accelerate service
resumption capabilities, both through engineering solutions and by managing consumer
expectations [26]. Yet, research shows that the great majority of organisations managing
critical infrastructure networks do not include climate change mitigation options, let
alone adaptation strategies and resilience assessments in their strategic plans [27].
Insurers begin to consider this reality as a serious vulnerability and insurance premiums
will surely rise for those who fail to demonstrate that they developed appropriate infrastructure resilience strategies, including climate change adaptation measures [28].
It is essential that stakeholders can turn the page to inefficient past practices and
commit themselves to comprehensive and continuous planning and management policies of critical infrastructure assets, with the goal of reducing uncertainties, risks and
magnitude of adverse consequences, and increasing sector and society safety, resilience
and sustainability.
In recent years, many steps have been made towards understanding climate change
and its effects, and developing sectoral plans to target resilience. However, all these
plans lack the contribution from structural engineering, which is critical to understand
the performance of physical infrastructures.
Of particular importance is the use of structural health monitoring techniques and
equipment, such as fibre‐optic sensors based on Fibre Bragg Gratings (FBG) [29]. In the
last decade, there has been a growing interest in the field of structural health monitoring,
resulting in the development of new techniques and equipment such as the fibre‐optic
sensors based on FBG. The recent improvement of sensors, based on all optical technology to study the dynamic behaviour of structures, presents itself as a valuable tool for the
assessment of structural integrity and dynamic response of communication structures.
Though conventional electronic accelerometers can be used, the high level of electromagnetic radiation near the antennas can easily mislead the interpretation of results and
can also interfere with radio operation [29]. Another approach is the use of all‐optical
instrumentation like FBG accelerometers (Figure 8.3). Therefore, newly developed SHM
techniques could be used to obtain valuable data about the structural behaviour, which
would be used to validate, calibrate and/or verify numerical model simulations.
8.3 Structural Design Philosophy
8.3.1 Basis
Almost all modern structural design codes for the design and analysis of civil engineering infrastructures are based on the Limit State Design (LSD) principles, which in the
USA is termed Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD).
The LSD principles are semi‐probabilistic. In this methodology, the format for
structural design verification is expressed by a simple comparison between factored
resistances and factored actions (or action effects) without explicitly assessing the
reliability or the risks. Due to the fact that resistances and actions are subject to
uncertainties, probabilistic analyses were performed to derive statistically representative values (characteristic values) taking into account the design working life of
the structure and the uncertainty of different physical properties and conditions.