5G-WLAN Security 159
bottlenecks in RF communications, it is important to depict that fully‐fledged optical
wireless networks can be developed by using state‐of‐the‐art lighting infrastructures.
This includes MU access techniques, interference coordination, and others. Visible
light communication and mm‐wave technologies are considered as energy efficient
wireless communication solutions that are going to be deployed in 5G wireless systems.
Let us consider an example where the VLC systems consuming the energy in one bulb
are much less than that in its RF‐based equivalent for transmitting the same high‐
density data [25].
7.7 Introduction to LiFi‐5G Networks Interoperability
The interoperability of LiFi networks with 5G cellular networks is similar to the interoperability of WiFi‐cellular networks. This clearly shows that interoperability of LiFi‐5G
networks can happen at any layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Hence, the interoperability of LiFi networks with 5G cellular networks can be incorporated at multiple levels
in the TCP/IP network protocol stack of the mobile device’s operating system or at LiFi
Gateway nodes:
● MAC Layer: A‐MAC is proposed as part of the AdaptNet protocol suite to support
interoperability for wireless and cellular networks. Similar kinds of LiFi‐based
Adaptive MAC protocols need to be designed to provide interoperability between
LiFi and 5G cellular networks through heterogeneous network interface cards (cellular‐5G radio interface, LiFi radio interface). At the time of packet switching (frame
switching) from one communication technology (LiFi) to another (5G), ensuring the
security for the application data is of utmost importance to protect the data from
intruders. The security issues in LiFi network interoperability with 5G networks will
be different when compared to WiFi networks due to visible light communication.
● Network Layer: Ensuring security for the L3 data (IP packets) is prominent for
Network layer interoperability. Mobile IP, which is a network layer protocol, is providing everywhere and anywhere Internet connectivity through IP‐in‐IP Encapsulation
and L3‐tunneling. State‐of‐the‐art research has come up with extensive security
design to provide the security for the L3 data protection through IP security (IPSec).
Mobile IP with IPsec is one way to provide security for application data (IP packets)
at the network layer. Optimized Mobile IP is designed to select the better packet traversal path between source and destination. When the interoperability is at the network layer, then the encapsulated packets should be secured at the gateway nodes
(LiFi).
● Transport Layer: Interoperability implementation at the transport layer involves the
major challenge of maintaining end‐to‐end TCP connections across switching
between multiple interfaces. A TCP connection consists of 4‐tuples (Source IP, Source
Port, Destination IP and Destination Port). Since different interfaces have different IP
addresses, switching the network interface will break the end‐to‐end TCP connection. Redirectable Sockets, RedSocks, is one of the solutions to this problem, which is
explained in [3]. With pTCP [12], smooth interoperability can be attained at the
transport layer through bandwidth aggregation, which is achieved by stripping data
across the multiple TCP connections.
bottlenecks in RF communications, it is important to depict that fully‐fledged optical
wireless networks can be developed by using state‐of‐the‐art lighting infrastructures.
This includes MU access techniques, interference coordination, and others. Visible
light communication and mm‐wave technologies are considered as energy efficient
wireless communication solutions that are going to be deployed in 5G wireless systems.
Let us consider an example where the VLC systems consuming the energy in one bulb
are much less than that in its RF‐based equivalent for transmitting the same high‐
density data [25].
7.7 Introduction to LiFi‐5G Networks Interoperability
The interoperability of LiFi networks with 5G cellular networks is similar to the interoperability of WiFi‐cellular networks. This clearly shows that interoperability of LiFi‐5G
networks can happen at any layer of the TCP/IP protocol stack. Hence, the interoperability of LiFi networks with 5G cellular networks can be incorporated at multiple levels
in the TCP/IP network protocol stack of the mobile device’s operating system or at LiFi
Gateway nodes:
● MAC Layer: A‐MAC is proposed as part of the AdaptNet protocol suite to support
interoperability for wireless and cellular networks. Similar kinds of LiFi‐based
Adaptive MAC protocols need to be designed to provide interoperability between
LiFi and 5G cellular networks through heterogeneous network interface cards (cellular‐5G radio interface, LiFi radio interface). At the time of packet switching (frame
switching) from one communication technology (LiFi) to another (5G), ensuring the
security for the application data is of utmost importance to protect the data from
intruders. The security issues in LiFi network interoperability with 5G networks will
be different when compared to WiFi networks due to visible light communication.
● Network Layer: Ensuring security for the L3 data (IP packets) is prominent for
Network layer interoperability. Mobile IP, which is a network layer protocol, is providing everywhere and anywhere Internet connectivity through IP‐in‐IP Encapsulation
and L3‐tunneling. State‐of‐the‐art research has come up with extensive security
design to provide the security for the L3 data protection through IP security (IPSec).
Mobile IP with IPsec is one way to provide security for application data (IP packets)
at the network layer. Optimized Mobile IP is designed to select the better packet traversal path between source and destination. When the interoperability is at the network layer, then the encapsulated packets should be secured at the gateway nodes
(LiFi).
● Transport Layer: Interoperability implementation at the transport layer involves the
major challenge of maintaining end‐to‐end TCP connections across switching
between multiple interfaces. A TCP connection consists of 4‐tuples (Source IP, Source
Port, Destination IP and Destination Port). Since different interfaces have different IP
addresses, switching the network interface will break the end‐to‐end TCP connection. Redirectable Sockets, RedSocks, is one of the solutions to this problem, which is
explained in [3]. With pTCP [12], smooth interoperability can be attained at the
transport layer through bandwidth aggregation, which is achieved by stripping data
across the multiple TCP connections.