Contents xi
11.5 Mobile Cloud Robot Security Scenarios 259
11.5.1 Robot with SIMcard 259
11.5.2 SIMless Robot 260
11.5.3 Robot Attack 263
11.5.4 Robot Communication 263
11.6 Conclusion 263
References 265
12 User Privacy, Identity and Trust in 5G 267
Tanesh Kumar, Madhusanka Liyanage, Ijaz Ahmad, An Braeken,
and Mika Ylianttila
12.1 Introduction 267
12.2 Background 268
12.3 User Privacy 269
12.3.1 Data Privacy 269
12.3.2 Location Privacy 271
12.3.3 Identity Privacy 272
12.4 Identity Management 273
12.5 Trust Models 274
12.6 Discussion 277
12.7 Conclusion 278
References 279
13 5G Positioning: Security and Privacy Aspects 281
Elena Simona Lohan, Anette Alén‐Savikko, Liang Chen, Kimmo Järvinen,
Helena Leppäkoski, Heidi Kuusniemi, and Päivi Korpisaari
13.1 Introduction 281
13.2 Outdoor versus Indoor Positioning Technologies 283
13.3 Passive versus Active Positioning 283
13.4 Brief Overview of 5G Positioning Mechanisms 285
13.5 Survey of Security Threats and Privacy Issues in 5G Positioning 291
13.5.1 Security Threats in 5G Positioning 291
13.6 Main Privacy Concerns 294
13.7 Passive versus Active Positioning Concepts 295
13.8 Physical‐Layer Based Security Enhancements Mechanisms
for Positioning in 5G 296
13.8.1 Reliability Monitoring and Outlier Detection Mechanisms 296
13.8.2 Detection, Location and Estimation of Interference
Signals 297
13.8.3 Backup Systems 298
13.9 Enhancing Trustworthiness 299
13.10 Cryptographic Techniques for Security and Privacy
of Positioning 299
13.10.1 Cryptographic Authentication in Positioning 300
13.10.2 Cryptographic Distance‐Bounding 301
13.10.3 Cryptographic Techniques for Privacy‐Preserving
Location‐based Services 303