Wi-Fi and 5G 163
– D2D (Device to Device), D2D2D, mesh networks, which
represent simplified access techniques for ease of access, reduced
energy consumption and reduced cost of connection.
Figure 6.11 represents several situations that can be handled by 5G.
Starting on the left-hand side of the figure, we see multi-hop
communications: the terminal is too far away from the NodeB, and the
signals pass through intermediary machines in order to reach the
antenna. This solution helps to limit the number of antennas whilst
covering a large geographical area. Mesh networks or ad hoc
networks provide this type of service, using algorithms to route the
signals between the different terminals.
Next, we see D2D (Device to Device) – i.e. direct communication
between two terminals without going through an antenna. This is a
very eco-friendly solution, as it saves energy, minimizing the data rate
of the system and thus decreasing electromagnetic pollution. Then, we
find high-reliability solutions, whereby one path to reach the antenna
can be replaced by another path almost instantaneously. Next, the
figure shows connections to machines, for M2M (Machine-toMachine) or M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication. The
connection of things is also represented by medical devices, household
appliances or other items. The figure also illustrates the connection to
an intermediary relay to reach the main antenna. Indeed, as the energy
expenditure depends on the square of the distance, it is very much to
our advantage to use devices with short ranges.
Next, in the same figure, we see the problem of high density – e.g.
the coverage of a stadium holding 100,000 people, with each spectator
being able to enjoy a data rate of around 10 Mbps. The total data rate
of 1 Tbps, in this scenario, could easily be delivered by an optical
fiber, but the difficulty lies in the distribution of that capacity
wirelessly. 4G and 5G technologies on their own are incapable of
delivering such performances: we would need either extremely small
cells or extremely high bandwidths.
Finally, Figure 6.11 shows a Cloud, which is one of the crucial
elements – in fact, the very center – of 5G technology, in forms that
have yet to be determined. However, we can confidently state that the
www.it-ebooks.info
– D2D (Device to Device), D2D2D, mesh networks, which
represent simplified access techniques for ease of access, reduced
energy consumption and reduced cost of connection.
Figure 6.11 represents several situations that can be handled by 5G.
Starting on the left-hand side of the figure, we see multi-hop
communications: the terminal is too far away from the NodeB, and the
signals pass through intermediary machines in order to reach the
antenna. This solution helps to limit the number of antennas whilst
covering a large geographical area. Mesh networks or ad hoc
networks provide this type of service, using algorithms to route the
signals between the different terminals.
Next, we see D2D (Device to Device) – i.e. direct communication
between two terminals without going through an antenna. This is a
very eco-friendly solution, as it saves energy, minimizing the data rate
of the system and thus decreasing electromagnetic pollution. Then, we
find high-reliability solutions, whereby one path to reach the antenna
can be replaced by another path almost instantaneously. Next, the
figure shows connections to machines, for M2M (Machine-toMachine) or M2H (Machine-to-Human) communication. The
connection of things is also represented by medical devices, household
appliances or other items. The figure also illustrates the connection to
an intermediary relay to reach the main antenna. Indeed, as the energy
expenditure depends on the square of the distance, it is very much to
our advantage to use devices with short ranges.
Next, in the same figure, we see the problem of high density – e.g.
the coverage of a stadium holding 100,000 people, with each spectator
being able to enjoy a data rate of around 10 Mbps. The total data rate
of 1 Tbps, in this scenario, could easily be delivered by an optical
fiber, but the difficulty lies in the distribution of that capacity
wirelessly. 4G and 5G technologies on their own are incapable of
delivering such performances: we would need either extremely small
cells or extremely high bandwidths.
Finally, Figure 6.11 shows a Cloud, which is one of the crucial
elements – in fact, the very center – of 5G technology, in forms that
have yet to be determined. However, we can confidently state that the
www.it-ebooks.info