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A. V. Ravi et al.
alternative strategies for reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance mediated bacterial
infections in aquaculture industry.
Keywords Aquaculture · Antimicrobial agents · Antibiotic resistance · Bacterial
contamination · Bioremediation · Quorum sensing inhibitors
1 Introduction
Aquaculture is one of the emerging food producing zones in the global scenario. The
economic yield of this sector have increased at an annual average rate of 125 billion
US$ worldwide (Jayaprakashvel and Subramani 2019; Hamza et al. 2015; FAO
2013). Cultivation of aquatic animals in marine and fresh water environments has
been practiced in many Asian countries for centuries and it remains as an important
economical base for several countries especially in Africa and Latin America in order
to raise their national economy (Hall et al. 2013). Though, the aquaculture practices
takes place in a vast majority of Asian countries, China alone contributes to more than
70% of aquaculture production in Asia. In global figures, China alone represents more
than 27% of total production in value, amounting to $17.1 billion in 2011 and $18.2
billion in 2012. In 2013–14 India has become the second largest aquaculture producer
in Asia with the total production of 5.68% of global fish production and ranks next
in the world after China. Total fish production is 9.58 million metric tonnes with an
input of 6.14 million metric tonnes from internal sector and 3.44 million metric tones
from aquatic region, respectively (Handbook on Fisheries Statistics 2014).
Aquaculture would be the significant food sector in the near future to balance the
global nutritional demand with special emphasis to developing countries, suffering
from food shortage and malnutrition. Amongst all aquatic organisms, fish and penaeid
shrimp are presently the major source of animal protein, contributing more than
25% of the total animal protein supply for about millions of people worldwide.
Nevertheless, the availability of fish seeds and the emerging microbial diseases
hinders the aquaculture production. The extreme release of bacterial pathogens from
animal waste into the aquaculture environment has become a major concern for the
aquaculture industry (Stabili et al. 2010).
2 Role of Bacterial Diseases in Aquaculture
Owing to escalation and commercialization of culturing practices, this sector is facing
sequence of struggles. In addition to this, the main hindrance in aquaculture is the
anomalous outburst of microbial diseases, especially diseases caused by bacteria is
considered as an important impediment for the development of this sector worldwide (Zhao et al. 2015). The bacterial pathogens are considered as major hitch as it
causes up to 100% mortalities in aquaculture with harsh economic losses worldwide
A. V. Ravi et al.
alternative strategies for reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance mediated bacterial
infections in aquaculture industry.
Keywords Aquaculture · Antimicrobial agents · Antibiotic resistance · Bacterial
contamination · Bioremediation · Quorum sensing inhibitors
1 Introduction
Aquaculture is one of the emerging food producing zones in the global scenario. The
economic yield of this sector have increased at an annual average rate of 125 billion
US$ worldwide (Jayaprakashvel and Subramani 2019; Hamza et al. 2015; FAO
2013). Cultivation of aquatic animals in marine and fresh water environments has
been practiced in many Asian countries for centuries and it remains as an important
economical base for several countries especially in Africa and Latin America in order
to raise their national economy (Hall et al. 2013). Though, the aquaculture practices
takes place in a vast majority of Asian countries, China alone contributes to more than
70% of aquaculture production in Asia. In global figures, China alone represents more
than 27% of total production in value, amounting to $17.1 billion in 2011 and $18.2
billion in 2012. In 2013–14 India has become the second largest aquaculture producer
in Asia with the total production of 5.68% of global fish production and ranks next
in the world after China. Total fish production is 9.58 million metric tonnes with an
input of 6.14 million metric tonnes from internal sector and 3.44 million metric tones
from aquatic region, respectively (Handbook on Fisheries Statistics 2014).
Aquaculture would be the significant food sector in the near future to balance the
global nutritional demand with special emphasis to developing countries, suffering
from food shortage and malnutrition. Amongst all aquatic organisms, fish and penaeid
shrimp are presently the major source of animal protein, contributing more than
25% of the total animal protein supply for about millions of people worldwide.
Nevertheless, the availability of fish seeds and the emerging microbial diseases
hinders the aquaculture production. The extreme release of bacterial pathogens from
animal waste into the aquaculture environment has become a major concern for the
aquaculture industry (Stabili et al. 2010).
2 Role of Bacterial Diseases in Aquaculture
Owing to escalation and commercialization of culturing practices, this sector is facing
sequence of struggles. In addition to this, the main hindrance in aquaculture is the
anomalous outburst of microbial diseases, especially diseases caused by bacteria is
considered as an important impediment for the development of this sector worldwide (Zhao et al. 2015). The bacterial pathogens are considered as major hitch as it
causes up to 100% mortalities in aquaculture with harsh economic losses worldwide