104
M. Felix et al.
and heavy metals contaminated sites hence become resistant (Rehman et al. 2008).
The remediation of heavy metals contaminated environment has been proved to
be expensive (Massadeh 2005) and heavy metals tolerant microorganisms have a
significant role in the bioremediation of contaminated environment (Hrynkiewicz
and Baum 2014). Toxic waste can be consumed by microorganisms and convert
them into nontoxic waste through their metabolism and breakdown the complex
compounds in waste (Thassitou and Arvanitoyannis 2001). The column test has
been previously used in biogeochemical and heavy metals interaction using bacteria
for transformation and biodegradation (Ayyasamy and Lee 2009).
The present work aims to biodegrade lead from accumulated solid wastes using
selective lead resistant bacterial consortium in column for effective booming.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
Ariyamangalam dump yard is a Municipal Solid Waste dumpsite under Tiruchirappalli City Corporation which covers 47.70 acres of land positioned at 10˚48
N and
78˚43
E coordinates on the Tiruchirappalli-Thanjavur highway. The dumpyard has
been under operation since 1367. Ariyamangalam dump yard is an open damping
yard that receives an estimated volume of 470 tons per day of both organic and inorganic waste generated by the city. The average height of dumped waste is 4 m. The
dump yard waste management is not managed and planned properly as it is freely
accessible by rag pickers and different animals. The dump yard is surrounded by
schools, residences, commercial complexes, and a rice mill (Fig. 1).
The solid waste at the Ariyamangalam dump yard includes residential waste,
industrial as well as commercial waste from all over the city. The solid waste
is composed (approximately 60%) of organic waste from the markets, residential
kitchen waste, hotels, and restaurants and the remaining include recyclable waste
such as plastics, paper, wood. Hospital wastes which include tissues, syringes, soiled
cotton, and toxic waste such as insecticides, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, and others.
2.2 Sample Collection
Solid waste samples were collected at the Ariyamangalam dump yard in Tiruchirappalli. Solid waste samples were systemically collected based on the amount of time
they have been dumped and were categorized into three types. New solid waste, old
solid waste, and older solid waste. S1 was a new solid waste that was dumped in
less than 7 days. S2 was old waste which was up to 4 weeks old at the dump yard
and S3 was older waste that was more than 4 weeks old disposed to the dump yard.
M. Felix et al.
and heavy metals contaminated sites hence become resistant (Rehman et al. 2008).
The remediation of heavy metals contaminated environment has been proved to
be expensive (Massadeh 2005) and heavy metals tolerant microorganisms have a
significant role in the bioremediation of contaminated environment (Hrynkiewicz
and Baum 2014). Toxic waste can be consumed by microorganisms and convert
them into nontoxic waste through their metabolism and breakdown the complex
compounds in waste (Thassitou and Arvanitoyannis 2001). The column test has
been previously used in biogeochemical and heavy metals interaction using bacteria
for transformation and biodegradation (Ayyasamy and Lee 2009).
The present work aims to biodegrade lead from accumulated solid wastes using
selective lead resistant bacterial consortium in column for effective booming.
2 Materials and Methods
2.1 Study Area
Ariyamangalam dump yard is a Municipal Solid Waste dumpsite under Tiruchirappalli City Corporation which covers 47.70 acres of land positioned at 10˚48
N and
78˚43
E coordinates on the Tiruchirappalli-Thanjavur highway. The dumpyard has
been under operation since 1367. Ariyamangalam dump yard is an open damping
yard that receives an estimated volume of 470 tons per day of both organic and inorganic waste generated by the city. The average height of dumped waste is 4 m. The
dump yard waste management is not managed and planned properly as it is freely
accessible by rag pickers and different animals. The dump yard is surrounded by
schools, residences, commercial complexes, and a rice mill (Fig. 1).
The solid waste at the Ariyamangalam dump yard includes residential waste,
industrial as well as commercial waste from all over the city. The solid waste
is composed (approximately 60%) of organic waste from the markets, residential
kitchen waste, hotels, and restaurants and the remaining include recyclable waste
such as plastics, paper, wood. Hospital wastes which include tissues, syringes, soiled
cotton, and toxic waste such as insecticides, chemicals, bulbs, spray cans, and others.
2.2 Sample Collection
Solid waste samples were collected at the Ariyamangalam dump yard in Tiruchirappalli. Solid waste samples were systemically collected based on the amount of time
they have been dumped and were categorized into three types. New solid waste, old
solid waste, and older solid waste. S1 was a new solid waste that was dumped in
less than 7 days. S2 was old waste which was up to 4 weeks old at the dump yard
and S3 was older waste that was more than 4 weeks old disposed to the dump yard.