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M. C. D. S. e Benevides et al.
minimize their environmental impact, create public awareness to the issue of sustainability while performing their daily activities—i.e., teaching and research—in a
sustainable way (Tezel et al. 2018). One possible way of measuring environmental
impact is by calculating carbon footprints. Today, carbon footprints are one of the
most used measures of environmental and climatic impact of human action and
consist of calculating the amount of CO 2 emitted, directly or indirectly, by human
activities. In HEIs, electricity,
2 transportation and waste management are the main
drivers of greenhouse gas emissions. Assessing carbon footprints creates an initial
step towards greening a campus (Ridhosari and Rahman 2020).
Universities are in the forefront of spreading awareness and directly addressing
environmental concerns (Ridhosari and Rahman 2020). The first joint commitment
for sustainability activities in universities dates back to 1972, in the form of the Stockholm Declaration. In 1990s, a global green campus movement began but not meaning,
however, that all universities are in this same stage yet. Green Campus efforts are
still being spread worldwide with the United States and the United Kingdom leading
the world in the number of green campus projects followed by Australia, Canada and
China (Tezel et al. 2018).
1.3 Living Labs
Green Campuses can be living laboratories (Living Labs) for sustainability initiatives and influence the everyday lives of staff and students (Leal Filho et al. 2015).
The concept of a Living Lab started initially through business initiatives as a space
designed to validate projects of innovation, including technological, social and
cultural innovation. The concept is based around setting up these innovations in
real situations before introducing them into the market or society in general. To this
extent, HEIs provide this near-real environment in which Living Labs can generate
data and new ideas and concepts (Colobrans 2019).
Living labs also turn out to be a practice-driven set of experiences in real-life
environments and arenas making it possible to study and experiment with new ideas
and processes. Living labs may have different approaches aimed at several purposes,
but they share a common representation of a real-life setting using a multi-method
approach with multi-stakeholder engagement and the purpose of co-creation. The
methodology of Living Labs can serve for bridging gaps between the academia and
the society as well as enhancing knowledge and idea sharing (Malmberg et al. 2017).
Typically, ideas and importance of Living Labs is their use of this in scientific experiments applied to medicine, as exemplified through published case studies (Malmberg
et al. 2017).
2 It is important to note that in Brazil the electric energy grid is predominantly fueled by renewable
primary sources.
M. C. D. S. e Benevides et al.
minimize their environmental impact, create public awareness to the issue of sustainability while performing their daily activities—i.e., teaching and research—in a
sustainable way (Tezel et al. 2018). One possible way of measuring environmental
impact is by calculating carbon footprints. Today, carbon footprints are one of the
most used measures of environmental and climatic impact of human action and
consist of calculating the amount of CO 2 emitted, directly or indirectly, by human
activities. In HEIs, electricity,
2 transportation and waste management are the main
drivers of greenhouse gas emissions. Assessing carbon footprints creates an initial
step towards greening a campus (Ridhosari and Rahman 2020).
Universities are in the forefront of spreading awareness and directly addressing
environmental concerns (Ridhosari and Rahman 2020). The first joint commitment
for sustainability activities in universities dates back to 1972, in the form of the Stockholm Declaration. In 1990s, a global green campus movement began but not meaning,
however, that all universities are in this same stage yet. Green Campus efforts are
still being spread worldwide with the United States and the United Kingdom leading
the world in the number of green campus projects followed by Australia, Canada and
China (Tezel et al. 2018).
1.3 Living Labs
Green Campuses can be living laboratories (Living Labs) for sustainability initiatives and influence the everyday lives of staff and students (Leal Filho et al. 2015).
The concept of a Living Lab started initially through business initiatives as a space
designed to validate projects of innovation, including technological, social and
cultural innovation. The concept is based around setting up these innovations in
real situations before introducing them into the market or society in general. To this
extent, HEIs provide this near-real environment in which Living Labs can generate
data and new ideas and concepts (Colobrans 2019).
Living labs also turn out to be a practice-driven set of experiences in real-life
environments and arenas making it possible to study and experiment with new ideas
and processes. Living labs may have different approaches aimed at several purposes,
but they share a common representation of a real-life setting using a multi-method
approach with multi-stakeholder engagement and the purpose of co-creation. The
methodology of Living Labs can serve for bridging gaps between the academia and
the society as well as enhancing knowledge and idea sharing (Malmberg et al. 2017).
Typically, ideas and importance of Living Labs is their use of this in scientific experiments applied to medicine, as exemplified through published case studies (Malmberg
et al. 2017).
2 It is important to note that in Brazil the electric energy grid is predominantly fueled by renewable
primary sources.