68
worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-health-rankings), Albania stands among the neighbouring countries (Greece and North Macedonia) and other European countries,
Sweden, Italy and Austria (Table 2.4). From the same source, the highest death rate
is from lung cancer (rate, 27.64; world rank, 21), stomach cancer (rate, 18.46; world
rank, 4) and breast cancer (rate, 17.09; world rank, 88), all linked with the exposure
to toxic metals (Yuan et al. 2016; Carver and Gallicchio 2018; Pamphlett et al. 2020).
2.3.4 Multivariate Analysis
Factor analysis (FA) was applied onto concentration (C) and the normalized concentration (C(N)) data to assess the relationship between elements present in moss
samples and to identify the most important factors probably affecting the association of the elements in the same factor. The number of the significant factors was
selected for eigenvalues >1. The loadings >0.5 are under the consideration that represents relatively high and significant correlations between the elements of the same
factor. The data of FA are shown in Table 2.5.
Four main factors that represented 77.7% of the total variance were extracted
from FA. The first factor (F1) represents 27.4% of the total variance and is linked
Table 2.5 Factor analysis of the correlation matrix of concentration (C) and the normalized
concentration (N) data (varimax rotation sorted rotated factor loadings and communalities)
Variable
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Communality
Ni
0.944
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.930
NiN
0.911
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.907
CoN
0.894
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.928
Co
0.840
0.000
0.627
0.000
0.776
Cr
0.631
0.000
0.597
0.000
0.809
CrN
0.631
0.000
0.597
0.000
0.852
CuN
0.000
0.955
0.000
0.000
0.931
HgN
0.000
0.774
0.000
0.000
0.746
ZnN
0.000
0.746
0.000
0.000
0.733
AsN
0.000
0.725
0.000
0.000
0.654
CdN
0.531
0.681
0.000
0.000
0.868
Pb
0.000
0.000
0.865
0.000
0.884
PbN
0.000
0.000
0.813
0.000
0.883
Zn
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.769
0.815
Cu
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.739
0.796
CD
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.713
0.766
As
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.663
0.517
Hg
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.187
Variance
4.9230
3.6059
2.7628
2.6897
13.9814
% Var
0.274
0.200
0.153
0.149
0.777
S. Allajbeu et al.
worldlifeexpectancy.com/world-health-rankings), Albania stands among the neighbouring countries (Greece and North Macedonia) and other European countries,
Sweden, Italy and Austria (Table 2.4). From the same source, the highest death rate
is from lung cancer (rate, 27.64; world rank, 21), stomach cancer (rate, 18.46; world
rank, 4) and breast cancer (rate, 17.09; world rank, 88), all linked with the exposure
to toxic metals (Yuan et al. 2016; Carver and Gallicchio 2018; Pamphlett et al. 2020).
2.3.4 Multivariate Analysis
Factor analysis (FA) was applied onto concentration (C) and the normalized concentration (C(N)) data to assess the relationship between elements present in moss
samples and to identify the most important factors probably affecting the association of the elements in the same factor. The number of the significant factors was
selected for eigenvalues >1. The loadings >0.5 are under the consideration that represents relatively high and significant correlations between the elements of the same
factor. The data of FA are shown in Table 2.5.
Four main factors that represented 77.7% of the total variance were extracted
from FA. The first factor (F1) represents 27.4% of the total variance and is linked
Table 2.5 Factor analysis of the correlation matrix of concentration (C) and the normalized
concentration (N) data (varimax rotation sorted rotated factor loadings and communalities)
Variable
Factor 1
Factor 2
Factor 3
Factor 4
Communality
Ni
0.944
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.930
NiN
0.911
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.907
CoN
0.894
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.928
Co
0.840
0.000
0.627
0.000
0.776
Cr
0.631
0.000
0.597
0.000
0.809
CrN
0.631
0.000
0.597
0.000
0.852
CuN
0.000
0.955
0.000
0.000
0.931
HgN
0.000
0.774
0.000
0.000
0.746
ZnN
0.000
0.746
0.000
0.000
0.733
AsN
0.000
0.725
0.000
0.000
0.654
CdN
0.531
0.681
0.000
0.000
0.868
Pb
0.000
0.000
0.865
0.000
0.884
PbN
0.000
0.000
0.813
0.000
0.883
Zn
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.769
0.815
Cu
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.739
0.796
CD
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.713
0.766
As
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.663
0.517
Hg
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.187
Variance
4.9230
3.6059
2.7628
2.6897
13.9814
% Var
0.274
0.200
0.153
0.149
0.777
S. Allajbeu et al.