220
stable pesticides are readily analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) while thermally
labile compounds by liquid chromatography (LC). Identification and confirmation
are the most accurate when mass spectrometry (MS) analyzers are involved especially when a nontarget analysis is performed. Advances in chromatography contribute to the publication of various multi-residue analytical methods in the literature.
Some of GC/MS methods proposed in the literature for pesticide determination in
groundwater are given in Table 7.2.
Nonvolatile pesticides, especially those prone to decomposition, thermolysis, or
adsorption during their residence time into the injection port, are difficult to be analyzed by GC using hot splitless injection. Many authors find that increased pressure
Table 7.2 Review of the GC/MS methods for the determination of pesticides in groundwater
Reference
Extraction
method
LOD,
μg/l
Investigated pesticides
Silva et al.
(2011)
SPME
0.0006–
0.024
Atrazine, simazine, alachlor, ethofumesate, chlorpyrifos,
desethylatrazine, lindane, α-endosulfan, metolachlor,
β-endosulfan, metribuzin, permethrin
Casado et al.
(2000)
MLLE
0.04
Carbetamide
Benjamin
et al. (2012)
LLE
0.001–
0.01
α-Endosulfan, β-endosulfan sulfate, dieldrin, р,р-DDE,
р,р-DDT, chlorpyrifos.
Barbash
et al. (2001)
SPE
0.001–
0.018
Atrazine, cyanazine, prometon, simazine, alachlor,
acetochlor, metolachlor
Lary et al.
(2014)
LLE
0.09–
0.78
α-HCH, α-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, parathion methyl
Goncalves
et al. (2007)
SPME
58–180 Atrazine, desethylatrazine, dimethoate, pendimethalin,
endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, lindane, terbuthylazine,
diazinon, propyzamide, metribuzin, alachlor,
chlorpyrifos, parathion ethyl, chlorfenvinphos,
procymidone, fenamiphos, 4,4-DDE, dieldrin,
λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, metolachlor
Ghanem
et al. (2011)
LLE
1–250
2,4-D, MC, paraquat, atrazine
Shomar et al.
(2005)
SPE
0.02–
0.05
Atrazine, atrazine desisopropyl, propazine, simazine,
triadimenol, DDT, DDE, DDT
Knee et al.
(2010)
LLE
Carbaryl, metalaxyl, and metribuzin
Robinson
(2001)
0.1
Pirimicarb, carbamate metabolites
US EPA
Method
525.3 (2012)
SPE
0.0025–
0.047
118 pesticides
Filho et al.
(2010)
DI-SPME 0.02–0.3 Trichlorfon, diazinon, methyl parathion, malathion,
fenthion, ethyon, bifenhin, permethrin, cypermethrin,
imazalil, prochloraz, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin,
carbofuran, clofentezine, difenoconazole
LOD limit of detection, SPME solid-phase microextraction, SPE solid-phase extraction, MLLE
micro liquid-liquid extraction, LLE liquid-liquid extraction
B. Kovacevik et al.
stable pesticides are readily analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) while thermally
labile compounds by liquid chromatography (LC). Identification and confirmation
are the most accurate when mass spectrometry (MS) analyzers are involved especially when a nontarget analysis is performed. Advances in chromatography contribute to the publication of various multi-residue analytical methods in the literature.
Some of GC/MS methods proposed in the literature for pesticide determination in
groundwater are given in Table 7.2.
Nonvolatile pesticides, especially those prone to decomposition, thermolysis, or
adsorption during their residence time into the injection port, are difficult to be analyzed by GC using hot splitless injection. Many authors find that increased pressure
Table 7.2 Review of the GC/MS methods for the determination of pesticides in groundwater
Reference
Extraction
method
LOD,
μg/l
Investigated pesticides
Silva et al.
(2011)
SPME
0.0006–
0.024
Atrazine, simazine, alachlor, ethofumesate, chlorpyrifos,
desethylatrazine, lindane, α-endosulfan, metolachlor,
β-endosulfan, metribuzin, permethrin
Casado et al.
(2000)
MLLE
0.04
Carbetamide
Benjamin
et al. (2012)
LLE
0.001–
0.01
α-Endosulfan, β-endosulfan sulfate, dieldrin, р,р-DDE,
р,р-DDT, chlorpyrifos.
Barbash
et al. (2001)
SPE
0.001–
0.018
Atrazine, cyanazine, prometon, simazine, alachlor,
acetochlor, metolachlor
Lary et al.
(2014)
LLE
0.09–
0.78
α-HCH, α-endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, parathion methyl
Goncalves
et al. (2007)
SPME
58–180 Atrazine, desethylatrazine, dimethoate, pendimethalin,
endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, lindane, terbuthylazine,
diazinon, propyzamide, metribuzin, alachlor,
chlorpyrifos, parathion ethyl, chlorfenvinphos,
procymidone, fenamiphos, 4,4-DDE, dieldrin,
λ-cyhalothrin, α-cypermethrin, metolachlor
Ghanem
et al. (2011)
LLE
1–250
2,4-D, MC, paraquat, atrazine
Shomar et al.
(2005)
SPE
0.02–
0.05
Atrazine, atrazine desisopropyl, propazine, simazine,
triadimenol, DDT, DDE, DDT
Knee et al.
(2010)
LLE
Carbaryl, metalaxyl, and metribuzin
Robinson
(2001)
0.1
Pirimicarb, carbamate metabolites
US EPA
Method
525.3 (2012)
SPE
0.0025–
0.047
118 pesticides
Filho et al.
(2010)
DI-SPME 0.02–0.3 Trichlorfon, diazinon, methyl parathion, malathion,
fenthion, ethyon, bifenhin, permethrin, cypermethrin,
imazalil, prochloraz, azoxystrobin, pyraclostrobin,
carbofuran, clofentezine, difenoconazole
LOD limit of detection, SPME solid-phase microextraction, SPE solid-phase extraction, MLLE
micro liquid-liquid extraction, LLE liquid-liquid extraction
B. Kovacevik et al.