205
to support with high certainty the assessment for poly-metallic enrichments as
ascribed to urbanization, including vehicular emissions and incinerators and industry. Comparative analysis for the areal patterns singled out a very similar behaviour
of the Factor 3 and Factor 5. Clustering method was very useful for the determination of both geochemical associations. Furthermore, there is a strong interconnection
between the anthropogenic and lithogenic fingerprinting (Balabanova et al. 2019).
Basically, the geochemistry of the element depends on both, atmospheric emissions
and lithogenic powdery winds. Therefore, the As-Co-Ge-V distribution can be used
as a proposed mechanism for possible tracking of anthropogenic poly-metallic
enrichments. Аrsenic distribution in the study area is lithological dependent from
the old volcanism (surroundings of Probishtip-Kratovo).
Distribution of As ranges from 4 to 150 mg/kg, while in the topsoil layer, it
reaches 90 mg/kg. Thus, the arsenic can be identified as an anthropogenic tracer in
the investigated area. Mapping data extract the anthropogenic enrichment in the
middle course of the river basin, where the agriculture activities dominate in the
land use. The investigated area is affected with enriched content in arsenic, especially in the area of Pb-Zn mines. Germanium has a specific and unique distribution
in the environment. Its geochemistry is also linked to gallium. The minerals of germanium are extremely rare, and the porous germanium is widespread to a considerable extent. Extraction of germanium from waste dust is complicated, not only
because of its low concentrations but also because of its amphoteric properties.
Germanium contents in the deposited dust from the investigated area reach 2.1 mg/
kg. Similar occurrence has been determined for tin as well. Reimann et al. (2012)
explains significant correlations in the geochemistry of both elements. Spatial mappings for arsenic, cobalt, germanium and vanadium are presented in Figs. 6.15,
6.16, 6.17, and 6.18.
6.8 Conclusion
The air is intangible, and most of humanity does not think about its importance
while inhaling it; however, it is necessary for the existence and functioning of its
living world on the planet Earth. With the development of society and technology,
man began to engage in production activities that result in the emission of pollutants
into the atmosphere. This has significantly begun to change the chemical composition of the planet’s ozone layer. Changes in the atmosphere were not noticed until
catastrophic pollution began to occur, which took human lives and destroyed flora
and fauna. Although there is evidence of efforts to limit human activity that impairs
air quality since the sixteenth century, serious efforts in this field were made only in
the 1960s, and since then, humanity has become aware of the need to preserve
breathing air. Atmospheric deposition poses significant ecological concerns. Dry
deposition is characterized by direct transfer of gas phase and particulates from air
to ground, vegetation, water bodies and other Earth surfaces.
6 Evidence for Atmospheric Depositions Using Attic Dust, Spatial Mapping…
to support with high certainty the assessment for poly-metallic enrichments as
ascribed to urbanization, including vehicular emissions and incinerators and industry. Comparative analysis for the areal patterns singled out a very similar behaviour
of the Factor 3 and Factor 5. Clustering method was very useful for the determination of both geochemical associations. Furthermore, there is a strong interconnection
between the anthropogenic and lithogenic fingerprinting (Balabanova et al. 2019).
Basically, the geochemistry of the element depends on both, atmospheric emissions
and lithogenic powdery winds. Therefore, the As-Co-Ge-V distribution can be used
as a proposed mechanism for possible tracking of anthropogenic poly-metallic
enrichments. Аrsenic distribution in the study area is lithological dependent from
the old volcanism (surroundings of Probishtip-Kratovo).
Distribution of As ranges from 4 to 150 mg/kg, while in the topsoil layer, it
reaches 90 mg/kg. Thus, the arsenic can be identified as an anthropogenic tracer in
the investigated area. Mapping data extract the anthropogenic enrichment in the
middle course of the river basin, where the agriculture activities dominate in the
land use. The investigated area is affected with enriched content in arsenic, especially in the area of Pb-Zn mines. Germanium has a specific and unique distribution
in the environment. Its geochemistry is also linked to gallium. The minerals of germanium are extremely rare, and the porous germanium is widespread to a considerable extent. Extraction of germanium from waste dust is complicated, not only
because of its low concentrations but also because of its amphoteric properties.
Germanium contents in the deposited dust from the investigated area reach 2.1 mg/
kg. Similar occurrence has been determined for tin as well. Reimann et al. (2012)
explains significant correlations in the geochemistry of both elements. Spatial mappings for arsenic, cobalt, germanium and vanadium are presented in Figs. 6.15,
6.16, 6.17, and 6.18.
6.8 Conclusion
The air is intangible, and most of humanity does not think about its importance
while inhaling it; however, it is necessary for the existence and functioning of its
living world on the planet Earth. With the development of society and technology,
man began to engage in production activities that result in the emission of pollutants
into the atmosphere. This has significantly begun to change the chemical composition of the planet’s ozone layer. Changes in the atmosphere were not noticed until
catastrophic pollution began to occur, which took human lives and destroyed flora
and fauna. Although there is evidence of efforts to limit human activity that impairs
air quality since the sixteenth century, serious efforts in this field were made only in
the 1960s, and since then, humanity has become aware of the need to preserve
breathing air. Atmospheric deposition poses significant ecological concerns. Dry
deposition is characterized by direct transfer of gas phase and particulates from air
to ground, vegetation, water bodies and other Earth surfaces.
6 Evidence for Atmospheric Depositions Using Attic Dust, Spatial Mapping…