127
Evju M, Bruteig IE (2013) Lichen community change over a 15-year time period: effects of climate and pollution. Lichenologist 45:35–50
Gadd GM (2011) Geomycology. In: Reitner J, Thiel V (eds) Encyclopedia of geobiology, part 7.
Springer, Heidelberg, pp 416–432
Gerdol R, Marchesini R, Lacumin P, Brancaleoni L (2014) Chemosphere monitoring temporal
trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere
108:388–395
Gombert S, Asta J, Seaward MRD (2004) Assessment of lichen diversity by index of atmospheric
purity (IAP), index of human impact (IHI) and other environmental factors in an urban area
(Grenoble, Southeast France). Sci Total Environ 324:183–199
Gottardini E, Cristofolini F, Marchetti F (1999) Biomonitoraggio dellaqualità dell’aria della città
di Trento tramite licheni epifiti. Acqua & Aria 4:67–71
Guttová A, Lackovicová A, Pisút I, Pisút P (2011) Decrease in air pollution load in urban environment of Bratislava (Slovakia) inferred from accumulation of metal elements in lichens. Environ
Monit Assess 182:361–373
Hauck M, de Bruyn U, Leuschner C (2013) Dramatic diversity losses in epiphytic lichens in temperate broad-leaved forests during the last 150 years. Biol Conserv 157:136–145
Hawksworth DL, Rose F (1970) Qualitative scale for estimating sulphur dioxide air pollution in
England and Wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227:145–148
Herzig R, Urech M (1991) Flechten als Bioindikatoren. Integriertes biologisches Messsystem der
Luftverschmutzung fur das Schweizer Mittelland. Bibl Lichenol 43:1–283
Herzig R, Liebendorfer L, Urech M, Ammann K, Cuecheva M, Landolt W (1989) Passive biomonitoring with lichens as a part of an integrated biological measuring system for monitoring
air pollution in Switzerland. Int J Environ Anal Chem 35:43–57
Jayalal RGU, Ileperuma OA, Wolseley P, Wijesundara DSA, Karunaratne V (2017) Correlation
of atmospheric purity index to the diversity of lichens in the Horton Plains National Park, Sri
Lanka. Ceylon J Sci 46(2):13–29
Johnsen I, Søchting U (1973) Air pollution influence upon the epiphytic lichen vegetation and bark
properties of deciduous trees in the Copenhagen area. Oikos 24:344–351
Karakoti N, Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Mishra GK, Srivastava A, Nayaka S (2014) Effect of metal
content on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll degradation in lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.)
Nyl.: a case study from Uttar Pradesh. India. Environ Earth Sci 71:2177–2183
Koch NM, Matos P, Branquinho C, Pinho P, Lucheta F, de Azevedo Martinez SM, Farrao Vargas
VM (2019) Selecting lichen functional traits as ecological indicators of the effects of urban
environment. Sci Total Environ 654:705–713
Kohonen T (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol Cybern
43:59–69
Kohonen T (2001) Self-organizing maps. Springer, Berlin
Kricke R, Loppi S (2002) Bioindication: the IAP approach. In: Nimis PL, Scheidegger C, Wolseley
PA (eds) Monitoring with lichens – monitoring lichens. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 21–37
Larsen RS, Bell JNB, James PW, Chimonides PJ, Rumsey FJ, Premper A, Purvis OW (2007)
Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity.
Environ Pollut 146:332–340
Llop E, Pinho P, Matos P, Pereira MJ, Branquinho C (2012) The use of lichen functional groups as
indicators of air quality in a Mediterranean urban environment. Ecol Indic 13:215–221
Loppi S (2014) Lichens as sentinels for air pollution at remote alpine areas (Italy). Environ Sci
Pollut Res 41:2563–2571
Loppi S, Nelli L, Ancora S, Bargagli R (1997) Passive monitoring of trace elements by means of
tree leaves, epiphytic lichens and bark substrate. Environ Monit Assess 45(1):81–88
Lumbsch HT, Heibel E (1998) Coppinsia minutissima a new genus and species in the agyriaceae
from the British Isles. Lichenologist 30:95–101
Majumder S, Mishra D, Ram SS, Jana NK, Santra S, Sudarshan M, Chakraborty A (2013)
Physiological and chemical response of the lichen, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, to the
urban environment of Kolkata. India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:3077–3085
4 Lichens as the Main Indicator in Biological Monitoring of Air Quality
Evju M, Bruteig IE (2013) Lichen community change over a 15-year time period: effects of climate and pollution. Lichenologist 45:35–50
Gadd GM (2011) Geomycology. In: Reitner J, Thiel V (eds) Encyclopedia of geobiology, part 7.
Springer, Heidelberg, pp 416–432
Gerdol R, Marchesini R, Lacumin P, Brancaleoni L (2014) Chemosphere monitoring temporal
trends of air pollution in an urban area using mosses and lichens as biomonitors. Chemosphere
108:388–395
Gombert S, Asta J, Seaward MRD (2004) Assessment of lichen diversity by index of atmospheric
purity (IAP), index of human impact (IHI) and other environmental factors in an urban area
(Grenoble, Southeast France). Sci Total Environ 324:183–199
Gottardini E, Cristofolini F, Marchetti F (1999) Biomonitoraggio dellaqualità dell’aria della città
di Trento tramite licheni epifiti. Acqua & Aria 4:67–71
Guttová A, Lackovicová A, Pisút I, Pisút P (2011) Decrease in air pollution load in urban environment of Bratislava (Slovakia) inferred from accumulation of metal elements in lichens. Environ
Monit Assess 182:361–373
Hauck M, de Bruyn U, Leuschner C (2013) Dramatic diversity losses in epiphytic lichens in temperate broad-leaved forests during the last 150 years. Biol Conserv 157:136–145
Hawksworth DL, Rose F (1970) Qualitative scale for estimating sulphur dioxide air pollution in
England and Wales using epiphytic lichens. Nature 227:145–148
Herzig R, Urech M (1991) Flechten als Bioindikatoren. Integriertes biologisches Messsystem der
Luftverschmutzung fur das Schweizer Mittelland. Bibl Lichenol 43:1–283
Herzig R, Liebendorfer L, Urech M, Ammann K, Cuecheva M, Landolt W (1989) Passive biomonitoring with lichens as a part of an integrated biological measuring system for monitoring
air pollution in Switzerland. Int J Environ Anal Chem 35:43–57
Jayalal RGU, Ileperuma OA, Wolseley P, Wijesundara DSA, Karunaratne V (2017) Correlation
of atmospheric purity index to the diversity of lichens in the Horton Plains National Park, Sri
Lanka. Ceylon J Sci 46(2):13–29
Johnsen I, Søchting U (1973) Air pollution influence upon the epiphytic lichen vegetation and bark
properties of deciduous trees in the Copenhagen area. Oikos 24:344–351
Karakoti N, Bajpai R, Upreti DK, Mishra GK, Srivastava A, Nayaka S (2014) Effect of metal
content on chlorophyll fluorescence and chlorophyll degradation in lichen Pyxine cocoes (Sw.)
Nyl.: a case study from Uttar Pradesh. India. Environ Earth Sci 71:2177–2183
Koch NM, Matos P, Branquinho C, Pinho P, Lucheta F, de Azevedo Martinez SM, Farrao Vargas
VM (2019) Selecting lichen functional traits as ecological indicators of the effects of urban
environment. Sci Total Environ 654:705–713
Kohonen T (1982) Self-organized formation of topologically correct feature maps. Biol Cybern
43:59–69
Kohonen T (2001) Self-organizing maps. Springer, Berlin
Kricke R, Loppi S (2002) Bioindication: the IAP approach. In: Nimis PL, Scheidegger C, Wolseley
PA (eds) Monitoring with lichens – monitoring lichens. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 21–37
Larsen RS, Bell JNB, James PW, Chimonides PJ, Rumsey FJ, Premper A, Purvis OW (2007)
Lichen and bryophyte distribution on oak in London in relation to air pollution and bark acidity.
Environ Pollut 146:332–340
Llop E, Pinho P, Matos P, Pereira MJ, Branquinho C (2012) The use of lichen functional groups as
indicators of air quality in a Mediterranean urban environment. Ecol Indic 13:215–221
Loppi S (2014) Lichens as sentinels for air pollution at remote alpine areas (Italy). Environ Sci
Pollut Res 41:2563–2571
Loppi S, Nelli L, Ancora S, Bargagli R (1997) Passive monitoring of trace elements by means of
tree leaves, epiphytic lichens and bark substrate. Environ Monit Assess 45(1):81–88
Lumbsch HT, Heibel E (1998) Coppinsia minutissima a new genus and species in the agyriaceae
from the British Isles. Lichenologist 30:95–101
Majumder S, Mishra D, Ram SS, Jana NK, Santra S, Sudarshan M, Chakraborty A (2013)
Physiological and chemical response of the lichen, Flavoparmelia caperata (L.) Hale, to the
urban environment of Kolkata. India. Environ Sci Pollut Res 20:3077–3085
4 Lichens as the Main Indicator in Biological Monitoring of Air Quality