125
physicochemical detection), be an excellent alternative but also a regular complementary method of air quality detection, especially due to the more favorable economic aspect of use.
4.7 Future Prospective
Bearing in mind the presented history of the use of different methods of lichen indication of air quality, future research in this area would lead to changes in order to
develop and improve existing methodologies and software. More intensive scientific
research and work will provide a more complete and objective picture of the state of
air quality in the wider area of the Republic of Serbia and even Europe by applying
a similar methodology. Future perspectives are directed toward intensified work on
the formation of a new modernized scale of air quality assessment which, unlike the
already existing scale of qualitative assessment of epiphytic lichen susceptibility for
England and Wales (Hawksworth and Rose 1970), would be applied in a wider area.
Based on previous research on air quality lichen monitoring, future research would
combine several indicative methods of biomonitoring with physicochemical measurements of pollutant concentrations, which are the most common causes of air
pollution, because synergy leads to clearer and more precise achievement of goals.
The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that countries working intensively to detect and reduce levels of air pollutants can have a significant impact on
reducing the incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as lung
cancer (WHO 2018). European Air Quality Directive (EU 2008) defines the Data
Quality Objective (DQO) that monitoring methods need to comply with to be used
as indicative measurement for regulatory purposes, a large number of cities still do
not have adequate measuring stations for automatic measurements of pollutant levels, so the application of biomonitoring in these areas is necessary as it is the only
source of detecting the real state of air quality in a longer period of time.
Adequate procedures in industrial development and urban planning based on the
results of environmental biomonitoring in the future should be imperative (conditio
sine qua non).
References
Aas W, Mortier A, Bowersox V, Cherian R, Faluvegi G, Fagerli H, Hand J, Klimont Z, GalyLacaux C, Lehmann CMB, Lund Myhre C, Myhre G, Olivié D, Sato K, Quaas J, Rao PSP,
Schulz M, Shindell D, Skeie RB, Stein A, Takemura T, Tsyro S, Vet R, Xu X (2019) Global and
regional trends of atmospheric sulfur. Sci Rep 9(1):953
Amman K, Herzig R, Liebendörfer L, Urech M (1987) Multivariate correlation of deposition
data of 8 different air pollutants to lichen data in a small town in Switzerland. In: Boehm G,
Leuschner RM (eds) Advances in aerobiology. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on aerobiology, August 6–9, 1986. Basel, Switzerland, Experientia Supplementum 51,
pp 401–406
4 Lichens as the Main Indicator in Biological Monitoring of Air Quality
physicochemical detection), be an excellent alternative but also a regular complementary method of air quality detection, especially due to the more favorable economic aspect of use.
4.7 Future Prospective
Bearing in mind the presented history of the use of different methods of lichen indication of air quality, future research in this area would lead to changes in order to
develop and improve existing methodologies and software. More intensive scientific
research and work will provide a more complete and objective picture of the state of
air quality in the wider area of the Republic of Serbia and even Europe by applying
a similar methodology. Future perspectives are directed toward intensified work on
the formation of a new modernized scale of air quality assessment which, unlike the
already existing scale of qualitative assessment of epiphytic lichen susceptibility for
England and Wales (Hawksworth and Rose 1970), would be applied in a wider area.
Based on previous research on air quality lichen monitoring, future research would
combine several indicative methods of biomonitoring with physicochemical measurements of pollutant concentrations, which are the most common causes of air
pollution, because synergy leads to clearer and more precise achievement of goals.
The World Health Organization (WHO) points out that countries working intensively to detect and reduce levels of air pollutants can have a significant impact on
reducing the incidence of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases such as lung
cancer (WHO 2018). European Air Quality Directive (EU 2008) defines the Data
Quality Objective (DQO) that monitoring methods need to comply with to be used
as indicative measurement for regulatory purposes, a large number of cities still do
not have adequate measuring stations for automatic measurements of pollutant levels, so the application of biomonitoring in these areas is necessary as it is the only
source of detecting the real state of air quality in a longer period of time.
Adequate procedures in industrial development and urban planning based on the
results of environmental biomonitoring in the future should be imperative (conditio
sine qua non).
References
Aas W, Mortier A, Bowersox V, Cherian R, Faluvegi G, Fagerli H, Hand J, Klimont Z, GalyLacaux C, Lehmann CMB, Lund Myhre C, Myhre G, Olivié D, Sato K, Quaas J, Rao PSP,
Schulz M, Shindell D, Skeie RB, Stein A, Takemura T, Tsyro S, Vet R, Xu X (2019) Global and
regional trends of atmospheric sulfur. Sci Rep 9(1):953
Amman K, Herzig R, Liebendörfer L, Urech M (1987) Multivariate correlation of deposition
data of 8 different air pollutants to lichen data in a small town in Switzerland. In: Boehm G,
Leuschner RM (eds) Advances in aerobiology. Proceedings of the 3rd international conference on aerobiology, August 6–9, 1986. Basel, Switzerland, Experientia Supplementum 51,
pp 401–406
4 Lichens as the Main Indicator in Biological Monitoring of Air Quality