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M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
as it leads to successful material recovery. There are certain parameters such as
selective collection system, storage containers (made of High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), fiberglass, and steel materials), collection frequency, distance covered, type
of collection truck (pneumatic, top, rear, and side loader), fuel of collection truck
(diesel and natural gas), density and fraction of wastes, size, and filling percentage
of container influence the collection and storage of MSW and thereby affecting the
LCI.
4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Sensitivity
Analysis
This is the evaluation of the environmental burden and benefits. It is primarily based
on following six impact categories, i.e., global warming (kg CO 2 (eq) t
−1 ), abiotic
depletion (MJ), acidification (kg SO 2 (eq) t
−1 ), nutrient enrichment (kg PO 4 (eq)
t
−1 ), photochemical ozone creation (kg C 2 H 4 (eq) t
−1 ), and human toxicity potentials
(DCB (eq)).
4.5 Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIP)
LCA in MSW management is a challenging task because its management facilities
require large land area, consume nonrenewable resources (electricity and fuels), and
emit pollutants as well as leachates. On other hand, MSW management generates
useful products such as reclaimed plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, compost as
fertilizer and thermal treatment of wastes produces heat and electricity. Besides,
landfilling that is the most widely used method for the management of MSW in most
of the countries has a lot of uncertainties related to time frame of the impact. Thus,
waste management system itself puts enormous pressure on natural environment.
Therefore, there are certain approaches to amplify the LCA approach to manage
MSW and GHG releases from the system UNEP [89]:
• Reconsidering the product and analyses the functional unit in detail
• Reducing the consumption of raw material and energy
• Replacing the traditional consumables with less harmful raw materials and energyefficient production methods
• Recycling of materials
• Repair and redesigning products for reuse.
M. Gautam and M. Agrawal
as it leads to successful material recovery. There are certain parameters such as
selective collection system, storage containers (made of High Density Polyethylene
(HDPE), fiberglass, and steel materials), collection frequency, distance covered, type
of collection truck (pneumatic, top, rear, and side loader), fuel of collection truck
(diesel and natural gas), density and fraction of wastes, size, and filling percentage
of container influence the collection and storage of MSW and thereby affecting the
LCI.
4.4 Life Cycle Impact Assessment (LCIA) and Sensitivity
Analysis
This is the evaluation of the environmental burden and benefits. It is primarily based
on following six impact categories, i.e., global warming (kg CO 2 (eq) t
−1 ), abiotic
depletion (MJ), acidification (kg SO 2 (eq) t
−1 ), nutrient enrichment (kg PO 4 (eq)
t
−1 ), photochemical ozone creation (kg C 2 H 4 (eq) t
−1 ), and human toxicity potentials
(DCB (eq)).
4.5 Life Cycle Interpretation (LCIP)
LCA in MSW management is a challenging task because its management facilities
require large land area, consume nonrenewable resources (electricity and fuels), and
emit pollutants as well as leachates. On other hand, MSW management generates
useful products such as reclaimed plastic, paper and cardboard, glass, compost as
fertilizer and thermal treatment of wastes produces heat and electricity. Besides,
landfilling that is the most widely used method for the management of MSW in most
of the countries has a lot of uncertainties related to time frame of the impact. Thus,
waste management system itself puts enormous pressure on natural environment.
Therefore, there are certain approaches to amplify the LCA approach to manage
MSW and GHG releases from the system UNEP [89]:
• Reconsidering the product and analyses the functional unit in detail
• Reducing the consumption of raw material and energy
• Replacing the traditional consumables with less harmful raw materials and energyefficient production methods
• Recycling of materials
• Repair and redesigning products for reuse.