6
F. Scrucca et al.
2011, consistent with the GHG Protocol Product Standard about specific issues, such
as the sector/product rules, biogenic carbon, recycling, land-use change, delayed
emissions. PAS 2050 provides guidelines for the consideration of both common
methodological topics (e.g. system boundary definition and allocation) and specific
issues (e.g. carbon storage and delayed emissions). Anyway, PAS 2050 does not
develop specific product or sector rules, but recommends the development and use of
sector specific requirements, called “supplementary requirements” which are documents that provide directions, requirements, and guidelines to develop an equivalent assessment for single groups of products, [11, 23, 47, 56]. In 2011 the World
Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) published the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Product Life Cycle
Accounting and Reporting Standard for the calculation and reporting of product CF.
It is based on ISO 14040 series adopting a life cycle approach, and PAS 2050 (BSI)
regarding key topics like the way to deal with biogenic carbon, land-use change and
delayed emissions. The standard is addressed to companies and organisations in all
economic sectors. This guideline allows companies to quantify six GHGs defined
by the Kyoto protocol and provides general guidance and more specific guidelines
for the quantification and reporting of product GHG emission inventories, called
“product rules”. In this way, companies can evaluate the product’s GHG inventory
and possible emission reductions in a certain time period. The GHG protocol can be
used also for product comparison: in this case, additional requirements are provided
for a certain product category, developed by a group of stakeholders interested in a
specific product category [56]. The aim is to quantify and publicly report an inventory
of GHG emissions and removals associated with a specific product also providing
many practical examples. Product rules are promoted to allow a comparison between
products [11, 23, 47].
In 2013 ISO published the ISO/TS 14067, revised in 2018, this Technical Specification provides requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of the CF of products, it is based on other ISO standards like Life Cycle
Assessment (ISO 14040 series) and on environmental labels and declarations (ISO
14021, ISO 14024, ISO 14025) adopting also product category rules (PCR) developed
in accordance with ISO 14025. ISO/TS 14067 also outlines specific requirements
on specific issues relevant for carbon footprints like carbon uptake, land-use change,
biogenic carbon emissions and soil carbon change. This Technical Specification
aims at a quantification and communication clear and unique avoiding the so-called
greenwashing and provides specific requirements for GHG emission removals.
Following this will to simplify the communication of the environmental performances, the environmental product declaration (EPD) system introduced the Climate
Declaration. The procedure to obtain a Climate Declaration is the same of an EPD,
ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for LCA methodology and ISO 14025 standards for
environmental declarations, but the result is focused on greenhouse gas emissions.
The strength of this methodology is the presence of product category rules and a
well-known and internationally recognized EPD program [11, 23, 47].
In general, all the considered systems want to provide the practitioner with instruments functional to obtain a significative and comparable result. Methodologically
F. Scrucca et al.
2011, consistent with the GHG Protocol Product Standard about specific issues, such
as the sector/product rules, biogenic carbon, recycling, land-use change, delayed
emissions. PAS 2050 provides guidelines for the consideration of both common
methodological topics (e.g. system boundary definition and allocation) and specific
issues (e.g. carbon storage and delayed emissions). Anyway, PAS 2050 does not
develop specific product or sector rules, but recommends the development and use of
sector specific requirements, called “supplementary requirements” which are documents that provide directions, requirements, and guidelines to develop an equivalent assessment for single groups of products, [11, 23, 47, 56]. In 2011 the World
Resources Institute (WRI) and the World Business Council for Sustainable Development (WBCSD) published the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Protocol Product Life Cycle
Accounting and Reporting Standard for the calculation and reporting of product CF.
It is based on ISO 14040 series adopting a life cycle approach, and PAS 2050 (BSI)
regarding key topics like the way to deal with biogenic carbon, land-use change and
delayed emissions. The standard is addressed to companies and organisations in all
economic sectors. This guideline allows companies to quantify six GHGs defined
by the Kyoto protocol and provides general guidance and more specific guidelines
for the quantification and reporting of product GHG emission inventories, called
“product rules”. In this way, companies can evaluate the product’s GHG inventory
and possible emission reductions in a certain time period. The GHG protocol can be
used also for product comparison: in this case, additional requirements are provided
for a certain product category, developed by a group of stakeholders interested in a
specific product category [56]. The aim is to quantify and publicly report an inventory
of GHG emissions and removals associated with a specific product also providing
many practical examples. Product rules are promoted to allow a comparison between
products [11, 23, 47].
In 2013 ISO published the ISO/TS 14067, revised in 2018, this Technical Specification provides requirements and guidelines for the quantification and communication of the CF of products, it is based on other ISO standards like Life Cycle
Assessment (ISO 14040 series) and on environmental labels and declarations (ISO
14021, ISO 14024, ISO 14025) adopting also product category rules (PCR) developed
in accordance with ISO 14025. ISO/TS 14067 also outlines specific requirements
on specific issues relevant for carbon footprints like carbon uptake, land-use change,
biogenic carbon emissions and soil carbon change. This Technical Specification
aims at a quantification and communication clear and unique avoiding the so-called
greenwashing and provides specific requirements for GHG emission removals.
Following this will to simplify the communication of the environmental performances, the environmental product declaration (EPD) system introduced the Climate
Declaration. The procedure to obtain a Climate Declaration is the same of an EPD,
ISO 14040 and 14044 standards for LCA methodology and ISO 14025 standards for
environmental declarations, but the result is focused on greenhouse gas emissions.
The strength of this methodology is the presence of product category rules and a
well-known and internationally recognized EPD program [11, 23, 47].
In general, all the considered systems want to provide the practitioner with instruments functional to obtain a significative and comparable result. Methodologically