116
A. S. Santos et al.
Table 7 Summary of cost of vehicle energy efficiency and fuel switching
Examples of
measures
Case Study
Characteristics Costs
analysis
Estimated Costs ($) References
Retrofit
all-Electric
Bus
Project
Transport
electrification
in Europe
Development
of a retrofit
all-electric
drive system,
battery, and
recharger pack
for bus
Medium Total project cost
US$2.729 million
European
Comission
(2020)
Use of biofuel
type B30; B40
and B50
Coimbra
(Portugal)
Testing Biofuel Low
Average operating
costs of B30—US$
0.727/v.km;
B40—US$
0.853/v.km and
B50—US$
0.85/v.km
CIVITAS
(2014)
Alternatives
vehicles
Road
transport
system
Use of battery
electric
vehicles;
electric
vehicles for
hydrogen fuel
cells and
plug-in hybrid
vehicles for
hydrogen fuel
cells in road
transportation
Hight
The powertrain
lifecycle cost
estimated to 2030 of
FCEVs—US$7,360
to US$ 22,580;
BEVs—US$ 6,460
to US$ 11,420; and
FCHEVs—US$
4,310 to US$ 12,540
Offer et al.
[63]
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
The Paris Agreement under the NDCs presented by Countries and the SDGs set
ambitious targets for sustainable progress. Road transportation plays a particularly
important role in meeting these targets, given that a significant portion of the global
GHG related to energy comes from this sector. In addition, excessive consumption
of natural resources leads to depletion. A review of the transport mitigation actions
listed in NDCs from developing and emerging countries showed that the distribution
of mitigation actions has a strong focus on fuels and vehicles, and recognized the
urgency to promote a low carbon transport in the urban transport infrastructure such
as road.
Thus, this study sought to present actions to mitigate the impacts of road transportation, regarding GHG emissions and the natural resource depletion. In addition,
it was possible identify that the cost to shifting to road sustainable transport is a gap
in literature and it is necessary an investment new researches and identification of
finance opportunities to help decisions makers to prioritize actions according their
capabilities and considering the best options for each city.
A. S. Santos et al.
Table 7 Summary of cost of vehicle energy efficiency and fuel switching
Examples of
measures
Case Study
Characteristics Costs
analysis
Estimated Costs ($) References
Retrofit
all-Electric
Bus
Project
Transport
electrification
in Europe
Development
of a retrofit
all-electric
drive system,
battery, and
recharger pack
for bus
Medium Total project cost
US$2.729 million
European
Comission
(2020)
Use of biofuel
type B30; B40
and B50
Coimbra
(Portugal)
Testing Biofuel Low
Average operating
costs of B30—US$
0.727/v.km;
B40—US$
0.853/v.km and
B50—US$
0.85/v.km
CIVITAS
(2014)
Alternatives
vehicles
Road
transport
system
Use of battery
electric
vehicles;
electric
vehicles for
hydrogen fuel
cells and
plug-in hybrid
vehicles for
hydrogen fuel
cells in road
transportation
Hight
The powertrain
lifecycle cost
estimated to 2030 of
FCEVs—US$7,360
to US$ 22,580;
BEVs—US$ 6,460
to US$ 11,420; and
FCHEVs—US$
4,310 to US$ 12,540
Offer et al.
[63]
6 Conclusions and Recommendations
The Paris Agreement under the NDCs presented by Countries and the SDGs set
ambitious targets for sustainable progress. Road transportation plays a particularly
important role in meeting these targets, given that a significant portion of the global
GHG related to energy comes from this sector. In addition, excessive consumption
of natural resources leads to depletion. A review of the transport mitigation actions
listed in NDCs from developing and emerging countries showed that the distribution
of mitigation actions has a strong focus on fuels and vehicles, and recognized the
urgency to promote a low carbon transport in the urban transport infrastructure such
as road.
Thus, this study sought to present actions to mitigate the impacts of road transportation, regarding GHG emissions and the natural resource depletion. In addition,
it was possible identify that the cost to shifting to road sustainable transport is a gap
in literature and it is necessary an investment new researches and identification of
finance opportunities to help decisions makers to prioritize actions according their
capabilities and considering the best options for each city.