56
S. Iftekhar et al.
An aptamer sensor based on electrochemical detection has been employed for the
detection of cocaine (Yang et al. 2016), and an aptamer sensor with colorimetric
detection has been utilized for the analysis of methamphetamine and cocaine in
wastewater (Mao et al. 2019).
Two other examples of binding agents that may be useful in future work with
emerging contaminants are boronic acids and serum albumin. Boronic acids can
undergo selective and reversible interactions with 1,2- or 1,3-diols and can be used to
bind saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules (Liu et al. 2005; Mader and Wolfbeis
2008). For instance, 3-aminophenylboronic acid has been employed as a binding
agent in an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of bacteria in water samples
(Wannapob et al. 2010). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a serum transport protein
that is known to bind many drugs and that can act as a CSP (Patel et al. 2006). In
recent work, an affinity sorbent containing BSA has been used to bind to various
drugs, hormones, and pesticides in water samples (see Fig. 2.9) and coupled online
with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of such compounds (Papastavros et al. 2018). The
same binding agents should be valuable in future work for examining similar targets
in samples that include wastewater and drinking water.
2.6 Summary and Conclusions
This review has discussed various techniques that can be employed in affinity chromatography for the analysis of environmental contaminants in wastewater and related
samples. Advantages of using affinity chromatography and associated methods for
such work include their selectivity and strong binding for a target analyte, which often
allows their direct use with complex matrices (Hage 2006; Zhang et al. 2018). These
methods can also be simple and fast to use and can be used either off-line or online
with other analytic methods for capturing and measuring emerging contaminants in
environmental samples (Nelson and Hage 2006).
Several examples were provided of binding agents that have been used in affinitybased separations for environmental analysis. The first group of binding agents that
was considered were the antibodies. It was shown how antibodies have been utilized
in various formats for the analysis of wastewater and environmental samples, with
these formats including both off-line and online immunoextraction and various forms
of chromatographic immunoassays. Emerging contaminants that have been examined
by these methods have ranged from herbicides to drugs and hormones. MIPs are
another class of binding agents that have been used in environmental analysis. This
group of synthetic agents has been used in both off-line and online modes for the
specific extraction of emerging contaminants such as hormones, pharmaceuticals,
dyes, and herbicides. A third set of binding agents that have been used in affinity
chromatography for the analysis of wastewater and associated samples are CSPs.
Various forms of CSPs have been employed in this work, including polysaccharide
derivatives, macrocyclic antibodies, and protein-based binding agents.
S. Iftekhar et al.
An aptamer sensor based on electrochemical detection has been employed for the
detection of cocaine (Yang et al. 2016), and an aptamer sensor with colorimetric
detection has been utilized for the analysis of methamphetamine and cocaine in
wastewater (Mao et al. 2019).
Two other examples of binding agents that may be useful in future work with
emerging contaminants are boronic acids and serum albumin. Boronic acids can
undergo selective and reversible interactions with 1,2- or 1,3-diols and can be used to
bind saccharides and glycosylated biomolecules (Liu et al. 2005; Mader and Wolfbeis
2008). For instance, 3-aminophenylboronic acid has been employed as a binding
agent in an electrochemical biosensor for the detection of bacteria in water samples
(Wannapob et al. 2010). Bovine serum albumin (BSA) is a serum transport protein
that is known to bind many drugs and that can act as a CSP (Patel et al. 2006). In
recent work, an affinity sorbent containing BSA has been used to bind to various
drugs, hormones, and pesticides in water samples (see Fig. 2.9) and coupled online
with LC-MS/MS for the analysis of such compounds (Papastavros et al. 2018). The
same binding agents should be valuable in future work for examining similar targets
in samples that include wastewater and drinking water.
2.6 Summary and Conclusions
This review has discussed various techniques that can be employed in affinity chromatography for the analysis of environmental contaminants in wastewater and related
samples. Advantages of using affinity chromatography and associated methods for
such work include their selectivity and strong binding for a target analyte, which often
allows their direct use with complex matrices (Hage 2006; Zhang et al. 2018). These
methods can also be simple and fast to use and can be used either off-line or online
with other analytic methods for capturing and measuring emerging contaminants in
environmental samples (Nelson and Hage 2006).
Several examples were provided of binding agents that have been used in affinitybased separations for environmental analysis. The first group of binding agents that
was considered were the antibodies. It was shown how antibodies have been utilized
in various formats for the analysis of wastewater and environmental samples, with
these formats including both off-line and online immunoextraction and various forms
of chromatographic immunoassays. Emerging contaminants that have been examined
by these methods have ranged from herbicides to drugs and hormones. MIPs are
another class of binding agents that have been used in environmental analysis. This
group of synthetic agents has been used in both off-line and online modes for the
specific extraction of emerging contaminants such as hormones, pharmaceuticals,
dyes, and herbicides. A third set of binding agents that have been used in affinity
chromatography for the analysis of wastewater and associated samples are CSPs.
Various forms of CSPs have been employed in this work, including polysaccharide
derivatives, macrocyclic antibodies, and protein-based binding agents.