18 Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), Its Occurrence, Fate …
431
Lein NP, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Tanaka H (2008) Contamination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in surface water of the Yodo River basin (Japan).
Desalination 226:338–347
Lewis RJ Sr (ed) (2004) Sax’s dangerous properties of industrial materials, 11th edn. WileyInterscience, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Li X, Zhao H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Yu H (2011) Adsorption of ionizable organic contaminants
on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different oxygen contents. J Hazard Mater 186:407–415
Li X, Zhang P, Jin L, Shao T, Li Z, Cao J (2012) Efficient photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by indium oxide and its mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 46(10):5528–5534
Liang X, Gondal MA, Chang X, Yamani ZH, Li N, Lu H, Ji G (2011) Facile preparation
of magnetic separable powdered-activated-carbon/Ni adsorbent and its application in removal
of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci Health Part A
46(13):1482–1490
Lien NPH, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Wirojanagud W, Anton A (2006a) Occurrences of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) in surface waters of Southeast
Asian countries. In: Fifteenth KKNN symposium
Lien NPH, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Wirojanagud W, Anton A, Lindstrom G (2006b) Perfluorinated substances in tap water of Japan and several countries and their relationship to surface
water contamination. Environ Eng Res 43:611–618
Lin AYC, Panchangam SC, Ciou PS (2010) High levels of perfluorochemicals in Taiwan’s
wastewater treatment plants and downstream rivers pose great risk to local aquatic ecosystems.
Chemosphere 80:1167–1174
Lin H, Niu J, Ding S, Zhang L (2012) Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
by Ti/SnO 2 –Sb, Ti/SnO 2 –Sb/PbO 2 and Ti/SnO 2 –Sb/MnO 2 anodes. Water Res 46(7):2281–2289
Lin JC, Hu CY, Lo SL (2016) Effect of surfactants on the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) by ultrasonic (US) treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 28:130–135
Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Libelo EL (2011) Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future
Livsmidelsverket (2014) Perfluorerade alkylsyror i drickvatten. 2014-02-21. Komplettering, 201401-08; Riskhanteringsrapport, 24-03-12, cited in Danish Ministry of the Environment. 2015. Perfluoroalkylated substances: PFOA, PFOS and PFOSA: Evaluation of health hazards and proposal
of a health based quality criterion for drinking water, soil and ground water. Environmental project
No. 1665. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed May
2016. http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/04/978-87-93283-01-5.pdf
Loganathan BG, Sajwan KS, Sinclair E, Kumar KS, Kannan K (2007) Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates
and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia. Water
Res 41(20):4611–4620
Loos R, Wollgast J, Huber T, Hanke G (2007) Polar herbicides, pharmaceuticals, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy. Anal Bioanal Chem
387:1469–1478
Loos R, Locoro G, Huber T, Wollgast J, Christoph EH, De Jager A, Gawlik BM, Hanke G, Umlauf G,
Zaldívar JM (2008) Analysis of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds
(PFCs) in the River Po watershed in N-Italy. Chemosphere 71(2):306–313
Loos R, Gawlik BM, Locoro G, Rimaviciute E, Contini S, Bidoglio G (2009) EU-wide survey of
polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. Environ Pollut 157:561–568
Ma R, Shih K (2010) Perfluorochemicals in wastewater treatment plants and sediments in Hong
Kong. Environ Pollut 158(5):1354–1362
Maestri L, Negri S, Ferrari M, Ghittori S, Fabris F, Danesino P, Imbriani M (2006) Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate in human tissues by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom
20(18):2728–2734
431
Lein NP, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Tanaka H (2008) Contamination of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) in surface water of the Yodo River basin (Japan).
Desalination 226:338–347
Lewis RJ Sr (ed) (2004) Sax’s dangerous properties of industrial materials, 11th edn. WileyInterscience, Wiley, Hoboken, NJ
Li X, Zhao H, Quan X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Yu H (2011) Adsorption of ionizable organic contaminants
on multi-walled carbon nanotubes with different oxygen contents. J Hazard Mater 186:407–415
Li X, Zhang P, Jin L, Shao T, Li Z, Cao J (2012) Efficient photocatalytic decomposition of perfluorooctanoic acid by indium oxide and its mechanism. Environ Sci Technol 46(10):5528–5534
Liang X, Gondal MA, Chang X, Yamani ZH, Li N, Lu H, Ji G (2011) Facile preparation
of magnetic separable powdered-activated-carbon/Ni adsorbent and its application in removal
of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) from aqueous solution. J Environ Sci Health Part A
46(13):1482–1490
Lien NPH, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Wirojanagud W, Anton A (2006a) Occurrences of perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorooctane acid (PFOA) in surface waters of Southeast
Asian countries. In: Fifteenth KKNN symposium
Lien NPH, Fujii S, Tanaka S, Nozoe M, Wirojanagud W, Anton A, Lindstrom G (2006b) Perfluorinated substances in tap water of Japan and several countries and their relationship to surface
water contamination. Environ Eng Res 43:611–618
Lin AYC, Panchangam SC, Ciou PS (2010) High levels of perfluorochemicals in Taiwan’s
wastewater treatment plants and downstream rivers pose great risk to local aquatic ecosystems.
Chemosphere 80:1167–1174
Lin H, Niu J, Ding S, Zhang L (2012) Electrochemical degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)
by Ti/SnO 2 –Sb, Ti/SnO 2 –Sb/PbO 2 and Ti/SnO 2 –Sb/MnO 2 anodes. Water Res 46(7):2281–2289
Lin JC, Hu CY, Lo SL (2016) Effect of surfactants on the degradation of perfluorooctanoic acid
(PFOA) by ultrasonic (US) treatment. Ultrason Sonochem 28:130–135
Lindstrom AB, Strynar MJ, Libelo EL (2011) Polyfluorinated compounds: past, present, and future
Livsmidelsverket (2014) Perfluorerade alkylsyror i drickvatten. 2014-02-21. Komplettering, 201401-08; Riskhanteringsrapport, 24-03-12, cited in Danish Ministry of the Environment. 2015. Perfluoroalkylated substances: PFOA, PFOS and PFOSA: Evaluation of health hazards and proposal
of a health based quality criterion for drinking water, soil and ground water. Environmental project
No. 1665. Copenhagen, Denmark: The Danish Environmental Protection Agency. Accessed May
2016. http://www2.mst.dk/Udgiv/publications/2015/04/978-87-93283-01-5.pdf
Loganathan BG, Sajwan KS, Sinclair E, Kumar KS, Kannan K (2007) Perfluoroalkyl sulfonates
and perfluorocarboxylates in two wastewater treatment facilities in Kentucky and Georgia. Water
Res 41(20):4611–4620
Loos R, Wollgast J, Huber T, Hanke G (2007) Polar herbicides, pharmaceuticals, perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoate (PFOA), nonylphenol and its carboxylates and ethoxylates in surface and tap waters around Lake Maggiore in Northern Italy. Anal Bioanal Chem
387:1469–1478
Loos R, Locoro G, Huber T, Wollgast J, Christoph EH, De Jager A, Gawlik BM, Hanke G, Umlauf G,
Zaldívar JM (2008) Analysis of perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and other perfluorinated compounds
(PFCs) in the River Po watershed in N-Italy. Chemosphere 71(2):306–313
Loos R, Gawlik BM, Locoro G, Rimaviciute E, Contini S, Bidoglio G (2009) EU-wide survey of
polar organic persistent pollutants in European river waters. Environ Pollut 157:561–568
Ma R, Shih K (2010) Perfluorochemicals in wastewater treatment plants and sediments in Hong
Kong. Environ Pollut 158(5):1354–1362
Maestri L, Negri S, Ferrari M, Ghittori S, Fabris F, Danesino P, Imbriani M (2006) Determination of perfluorooctanoic acid and perfluorooctanesulfonate in human tissues by liquid chromatography/single quadrupole mass spectrometry. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom
20(18):2728–2734