18 Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS), Its Occurrence, Fate …
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Table 18.6 Occurrence of PFOS (ng/L) in worldwide drinking/tap water
Country
Location
PFOS concentration
(ng/L)
References
Belgium
University of Antwerp
2.71
Ullah et al. (2011)
China
–
1.5–13.2
Fujii et al. (2007)
Shanghai and Shenzhen
7.6–11
Mak et al. (2009)
Germany
Fraunhofer Institute,
Schmallenberg
0.847
Ullah et al. (2011)
Rhine-Ruhr
0–22
Skutlarek et al. (2006)
India
Goa, Coimbatore,
Chennai, Patana
<0.04–8.4
Mak et al. (2009)
Italy
IES, ISPRA
6.92
Ullah et al. (2011)
Lake Maggiore
8.1
Loos et al. (2007)
Japan
Osaka
0.16–51
Takagi et al. (2008),
Fujii et al. (2007)
WWPs near Yodo river
Basin
3.9–9.4
Shivakoti et al. (2010)
Malaysia
–
0.1
Fujii et al. (2007)
Netherland University of
Amsterdam
0.861
Ullah et al. (2011)
VU University,
Amsterdam
0.397
Norway
NIAR, Tromsø
0.573
Ullah et al. (2011), Haug
et al. (2010)
Spain
Catalonia
<0.12–58.12
Ericson et al. (2009)
Sweden
–
0.3–0.8
Fujii et al. (2007)
Stockholm University
8.81
Ullah et al. (2011)
Thailand
–
0.1–1.9
Fujii et al. (2007)
UK
–
<11–45
Atkinson et al. (2008)
USA
Albany
1.4
Mak et al. (2009)
New Jersey
4.2–19
DWHA, US EPA (2016)
India, Italy, Malaysia, Netherland, Norway, Sweden and Thailand (Ullah et al. 2011;
Haug et al. 2010; Mak et al. 2009; Loos et al. 2007; Fujii et al. 2007). However,
the increasing concentration of PFOS in surface water systems is critical for future
directions regarding the drinking water facilities and treatments.