398
A. Srivastava
1. Sonication: Ultrasound technology has been proposed as a recent, environmentfriendly process in a rising number of processes and chemical industry applications for removal of ECs. The practice of this technology is in chemistry,
biotechnology, pharmacy, and environmental engineering. Ultrasound applications make use of the different effects of ultrasound for the processing of solid,
liquid, and gaseous media. The process covers a unique method for the activation
and quickening of several processes. Some of the water scavenging plants use
the ultrasound process for disintegrating sludge. Aspirin is widely used analgesic
in many countries as a life saving drug. However, it occurs in pharmaceutical
wastewater as waste from pharmaceutical industry. Aspirin in the normal course
takes very long to degrade in the environment but when treated in water by sonication method can degrade very fast than in the normal course. (Khedkar and Ingole
2017). The combined ozonation and sonolysis process has been reported to eliminate 90–94% diclofenac (DCF) from pharmaceuticals laden water according to
the applied ultrasonic amplitude (Fraiese et al. 2019). Some other applications
from the aspect of environmental engineering are in the use of ultrasound in
potable water treatment.
2. UV Irradiation/Photocatalytic Oxidation processes: All the organic micropollutants cannot be removed only by conventional drinking water treatment. Some
chemical oxidants like ozone (O 3 ) are capable of oxidizing a large number of
ECs; however, such oxidants are ineffective in removing a large number of emerging contaminants. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like UV/H 2 O 2 ,
UV/O 3 , and O 3 /H 2 O 2 can also be used for removal of persistent organic contaminants during treatment of drinking water. Some of these contaminants include
pesticides, gasoline additives, taste and odor compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds. The removal of ECs like diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole
(SMX), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in synthetically prepared aqueous solutions
has been achieved by photocatalysis. More than 20% of degradation of DCF, SX,
and CBZ has been achieved through oxidation by photocatalytic method (Fraiese
et al. 2019).
It has been confirmed that AOPs in combination with reactive oxidants are highly
effective in the removal of ECs (Oller et al. 2011; Kunkel and Radke 2008). The
efficacy of AOPs is dependent upon the production of exceptionally reactive species
such as hydroxyl radicals (
• OH), which can degrade obstinate molecules into products
that are biodegradable and ultimately get converted to CO 2 , H 2 O, and some inorganic
ions.
17.4 Conclusion
A considerable amount of research has been undertaken in the current years for the
developing technologies for removal of rising environmental pollutants like ECs in
water. However, a universal method for removal of all pollutants from wastewaters is a
A. Srivastava
1. Sonication: Ultrasound technology has been proposed as a recent, environmentfriendly process in a rising number of processes and chemical industry applications for removal of ECs. The practice of this technology is in chemistry,
biotechnology, pharmacy, and environmental engineering. Ultrasound applications make use of the different effects of ultrasound for the processing of solid,
liquid, and gaseous media. The process covers a unique method for the activation
and quickening of several processes. Some of the water scavenging plants use
the ultrasound process for disintegrating sludge. Aspirin is widely used analgesic
in many countries as a life saving drug. However, it occurs in pharmaceutical
wastewater as waste from pharmaceutical industry. Aspirin in the normal course
takes very long to degrade in the environment but when treated in water by sonication method can degrade very fast than in the normal course. (Khedkar and Ingole
2017). The combined ozonation and sonolysis process has been reported to eliminate 90–94% diclofenac (DCF) from pharmaceuticals laden water according to
the applied ultrasonic amplitude (Fraiese et al. 2019). Some other applications
from the aspect of environmental engineering are in the use of ultrasound in
potable water treatment.
2. UV Irradiation/Photocatalytic Oxidation processes: All the organic micropollutants cannot be removed only by conventional drinking water treatment. Some
chemical oxidants like ozone (O 3 ) are capable of oxidizing a large number of
ECs; however, such oxidants are ineffective in removing a large number of emerging contaminants. Some advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) like UV/H 2 O 2 ,
UV/O 3 , and O 3 /H 2 O 2 can also be used for removal of persistent organic contaminants during treatment of drinking water. Some of these contaminants include
pesticides, gasoline additives, taste and odor compounds, and pharmaceutical compounds. The removal of ECs like diclofenac (DCF), sulfamethoxazole
(SMX), and carbamazepine (CBZ) in synthetically prepared aqueous solutions
has been achieved by photocatalysis. More than 20% of degradation of DCF, SX,
and CBZ has been achieved through oxidation by photocatalytic method (Fraiese
et al. 2019).
It has been confirmed that AOPs in combination with reactive oxidants are highly
effective in the removal of ECs (Oller et al. 2011; Kunkel and Radke 2008). The
efficacy of AOPs is dependent upon the production of exceptionally reactive species
such as hydroxyl radicals (
• OH), which can degrade obstinate molecules into products
that are biodegradable and ultimately get converted to CO 2 , H 2 O, and some inorganic
ions.
17.4 Conclusion
A considerable amount of research has been undertaken in the current years for the
developing technologies for removal of rising environmental pollutants like ECs in
water. However, a universal method for removal of all pollutants from wastewaters is a