1 Pharmaceuticals, Personal Care Products, and Artificial …
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Table 1.2 Summary of PPCP concentrations in the 2017–2018 survey of groundwater and spring
waters in Tokyo
Detection frequency
(%)
Min. (ng/L) Max. (ng/L) Median (ng/L)
Ampicillin
58
<0.77
4.21
0.98
Bezafibrate
50
<0.03
78.7
0.19
Caffeine
50
<1.61
86.7
3.74
Carbamazepine
83
<0.38
13.3
1.66
Clarithromycin
17
<0.45
0.94
<0.45
Crotamiton
100
0.3
44.4
2.09
Cyclophosphamide
8
<0.28
0.51
<0.28
Gliclazide
8
<0.32
1.03
<0.32
Ibuprofen
58
<2.15
1006
12.6
Indometacin
17
<0.66
3.19
<0.66
Oseltamivir
8
<0.55
0.60
<0.55
Sulfadimethoxine
42
<0.52
0.99
<0.52
Sulfamethoxazole
58
<0.59
21.7
1.01
Sulfamonomethoxine
58
<0.50
2.30
0.90
Triclocarban
0
<0.35
<0.35
<0.35
Triclosan
0
<3.47
<3.47
<3.47
Trimethoprim
17
<0.45
1.00
<0.45
Fig. 1.1 Comparison of the
crotamiton, carbamazepine,
and caffeine concentrations
in Tokyo groundwater
between the 2007 survey
(Kuroda et al. 2012) and the
2017–2018 survey (the
present study)
0.1
1
10
100
0.1
1
10
100
Concentration (ng/L) in 2018
Concentration (ng/L) in 2007
Crotamiton
Carbamazepine
Caffeine