13 Reigning Technologies and Their Challenges for Antibiotics …
319
similar. When the energy source is sunlight, then mostly prefer the ZnO catalyst as
its performance is better in the presence of sunlight.
Sorption techniques are widely used remediation techniques for antibiotics contamination. Many studies reported that adsorption techniques are an alternative to
oxidation techniques. In all the reported studies, this technique was efficient for the
removal of antibiotics (i.e., efficiency is almost greater than 50%), in spite of that,
it has disadvantages as it produces new waste material. Classically, activated carbon
is used as adsorbent, but it is very costly. In recent decades, there have been studies
in which the researcher used agricultural waste as biochar (Balarak et al. 2016; Huijun et al. 2010) and finds that the biochar produced from agricultural waste has the
potential to replace the activated carbon.
Practically, ecological treatment processes, i.e., constructed wetlands are economical and sustainable and also effective for the low antibiotics hydraulic loading rate,
but they are applicable for low populated areas. Also, the combination of two removal
techniques is a better option for practical purposes, for example, a combination of
Fenton’s oxidation with two-stage reverse osmosis.
References
Acero JL, Benitez FJ, Teva F, Leal AI (2010) Retention of emerging micropollutants from UP water
and a municipal secondary effluent by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. Chem Eng J 163(3):264–
272
Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK (2014) Fluoroquinolones antibiotics adsorption onto microporous activated
carbon from lignocellulosic biomass by microwave pyrolysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45(1):219–
226
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Zhang M, Cho JS, Lee SE, Ok YS (2013)
Trichloroethylene adsorption by pine needle biochars produced at various pyrolysis temperatures.
Biores Technol 143:615–622
Ahamad T, Chaudhary AA, Naushad M, Alshehri SM (2019) Fabrication of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles
embedded chitosan-diphenylureaformaldehyde resin for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous
solution. Int J Biol Macromol 134:180–188
Aksu Z, Tunç Ö (2005) Application of biosorption for penicillin G removal: comparison with
activated carbon. Process Biochem 40(2):831–847
Alsager OA, Alnajrani MN, Abuelizz HA, Aldaghmani IA (2018) Removal of antibiotics from
water and waste milk by ozonation: kinetics, byproducts, and antimicrobial activity. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 158:114–122
Andreozzi R, Canterino M, Giudice RL, Marotta R, Pinto G, Pollio A (2006) Lincomycin solar
photodegradation, algal toxicity and removal from wastewaters by means of ozonation. Water
Res 40(3):630–638
Balakrishna K, Rath A, Praveenkumarreddy Y, Guruge KS, Subedi B (2017) A review of the
occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 137:113–120
Balarak D, Mostafapour FK, Azarpira H (2016) Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of ciprofloxacin
from aqueous solutions using Corylus avellana (Hazelnut) activated carbon. J Pharmaceutical Res
Int 1–14
Balcıo˘ glu IA, Ötker M (2003) Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotics by
O3 and O3/H2O2 processes. Chemosphere, 50(1):85–95
319
similar. When the energy source is sunlight, then mostly prefer the ZnO catalyst as
its performance is better in the presence of sunlight.
Sorption techniques are widely used remediation techniques for antibiotics contamination. Many studies reported that adsorption techniques are an alternative to
oxidation techniques. In all the reported studies, this technique was efficient for the
removal of antibiotics (i.e., efficiency is almost greater than 50%), in spite of that,
it has disadvantages as it produces new waste material. Classically, activated carbon
is used as adsorbent, but it is very costly. In recent decades, there have been studies
in which the researcher used agricultural waste as biochar (Balarak et al. 2016; Huijun et al. 2010) and finds that the biochar produced from agricultural waste has the
potential to replace the activated carbon.
Practically, ecological treatment processes, i.e., constructed wetlands are economical and sustainable and also effective for the low antibiotics hydraulic loading rate,
but they are applicable for low populated areas. Also, the combination of two removal
techniques is a better option for practical purposes, for example, a combination of
Fenton’s oxidation with two-stage reverse osmosis.
References
Acero JL, Benitez FJ, Teva F, Leal AI (2010) Retention of emerging micropollutants from UP water
and a municipal secondary effluent by ultrafiltration and nanofiltration. Chem Eng J 163(3):264–
272
Ahmed MJ, Theydan SK (2014) Fluoroquinolones antibiotics adsorption onto microporous activated
carbon from lignocellulosic biomass by microwave pyrolysis. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 45(1):219–
226
Ahmad M, Lee SS, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Zhang M, Cho JS, Lee SE, Ok YS (2013)
Trichloroethylene adsorption by pine needle biochars produced at various pyrolysis temperatures.
Biores Technol 143:615–622
Ahamad T, Chaudhary AA, Naushad M, Alshehri SM (2019) Fabrication of MnFe2O4 nanoparticles
embedded chitosan-diphenylureaformaldehyde resin for the removal of tetracycline from aqueous
solution. Int J Biol Macromol 134:180–188
Aksu Z, Tunç Ö (2005) Application of biosorption for penicillin G removal: comparison with
activated carbon. Process Biochem 40(2):831–847
Alsager OA, Alnajrani MN, Abuelizz HA, Aldaghmani IA (2018) Removal of antibiotics from
water and waste milk by ozonation: kinetics, byproducts, and antimicrobial activity. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 158:114–122
Andreozzi R, Canterino M, Giudice RL, Marotta R, Pinto G, Pollio A (2006) Lincomycin solar
photodegradation, algal toxicity and removal from wastewaters by means of ozonation. Water
Res 40(3):630–638
Balakrishna K, Rath A, Praveenkumarreddy Y, Guruge KS, Subedi B (2017) A review of the
occurrence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products in Indian water bodies. Ecotoxicol
Environ Saf 137:113–120
Balarak D, Mostafapour FK, Azarpira H (2016) Adsorption kinetics and equilibrium of ciprofloxacin
from aqueous solutions using Corylus avellana (Hazelnut) activated carbon. J Pharmaceutical Res
Int 1–14
Balcıo˘ glu IA, Ötker M (2003) Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing antibiotics by
O3 and O3/H2O2 processes. Chemosphere, 50(1):85–95