Chapter 12
Chlorophenols Dechlorination Water
Treatment Using Ni-Iron Bimetallic
Systems: Implications of the Degree
of Chlorination, Nickel Coating, and Iron
Oxide Phases
Buddhika Gunawardana, Naresh Singhal, and Peter J. Swedlund
12.1 Introduction
Chlorophenols (CPs) are manufactured organochlorine compounds and contain phenol (an aromatic compound) with chlorines (between one and five). Phenol is manufactured with the addition of a hydroxy group to a carbon in benzene replacing
a hydrogen. The group of CPs includes mono-CPs, di-CPs, tri-CPs, tetra-CPs, and
pentachlorophenol and altogether 19 different chlorophenol isomers (ATSDR 1999).
CPs are often used as chemicals for wood preservation, disinfectants, pesticides,
and herbicides (ATSDR 1999). Use of CPs is causing extensive groundwater and
drinking water contamination because of improper disposal of CP containing waste,
leaching from landfills containing CP-treated waste, evaporation from treated wood
products, waste generated during paper production and bleaching of wood pulp with
chlorine, and burning of wastes with CPs (ATSDR 1999). In addition, CPs can be
dissolved in drinking water because of the chlorination of trace levels of phenolic
compounds present in water, if any, during the disinfection process, as complex
compounds formed if hypochlorite acid reacts with phenolic acids and phenoxy
herbicides degradation products (WHO 2003).
B. Gunawardana (B)
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Sri Lanka
e-mail: buddhikag@uom.lk
B. Gunawardana · N. Singhal
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
P. J. Swedlund
School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
M. Kumar et al. (eds.), Contaminants in Drinking and Wastewater Sources,
Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_12
271
Chlorophenols Dechlorination Water
Treatment Using Ni-Iron Bimetallic
Systems: Implications of the Degree
of Chlorination, Nickel Coating, and Iron
Oxide Phases
Buddhika Gunawardana, Naresh Singhal, and Peter J. Swedlund
12.1 Introduction
Chlorophenols (CPs) are manufactured organochlorine compounds and contain phenol (an aromatic compound) with chlorines (between one and five). Phenol is manufactured with the addition of a hydroxy group to a carbon in benzene replacing
a hydrogen. The group of CPs includes mono-CPs, di-CPs, tri-CPs, tetra-CPs, and
pentachlorophenol and altogether 19 different chlorophenol isomers (ATSDR 1999).
CPs are often used as chemicals for wood preservation, disinfectants, pesticides,
and herbicides (ATSDR 1999). Use of CPs is causing extensive groundwater and
drinking water contamination because of improper disposal of CP containing waste,
leaching from landfills containing CP-treated waste, evaporation from treated wood
products, waste generated during paper production and bleaching of wood pulp with
chlorine, and burning of wastes with CPs (ATSDR 1999). In addition, CPs can be
dissolved in drinking water because of the chlorination of trace levels of phenolic
compounds present in water, if any, during the disinfection process, as complex
compounds formed if hypochlorite acid reacts with phenolic acids and phenoxy
herbicides degradation products (WHO 2003).
B. Gunawardana (B)
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa, Katubedda, Sri Lanka
e-mail: buddhikag@uom.lk
B. Gunawardana · N. Singhal
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Auckland, Auckland, New
Zealand
P. J. Swedlund
School of Chemical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
© Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. 2021
M. Kumar et al. (eds.), Contaminants in Drinking and Wastewater Sources,
Springer Transactions in Civil and Environmental Engineering,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4599-3_12
271