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S. Manna et al.
10.5.4.2 Metal-organic Framework
Metal-organic framework containing a metal ion and organic species is an interesting
synthetic material, promising for wastewater treatment for its porous structure in
micro-porous or mesoporous range (Vogna et al. 2004; Barea et al. 2014; DeCoste
and Peterson 2014; Furukawa et al. 2013; Jhung et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2012; Yang
et al. 2013). Also, it can be modified easily with desired functional groups (Hwang
et al. 2008; Khan et al. 2013). Still now, many virgin and functionalized metalorganic framework had been used for the separation of various hazardous chemicals
(Barea et al. 2014; DeCoste and Peterson 2014; Jhung et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013;
Ahmed and Jhung 2016; Hasan and Jhung 2015; Jiang et al. 2013). For use in water
purification, this type of materials should be functionalized with specific groups
(Bhadra et al. 2015). Recently, two metal-organic framework had been functionalized
in their acid and basic sites and used to remove PPCPs from water (Hasan et al.
2013; Hasan et al. 2012). The study indicated that the removal efficiencies of the
functionalized materials were enough. However, much more study in detail is needed
to establish the efficacy of these types of materials in PPCPs removal.
10.5.4.3 Nanomaterials
In recent times, nanomaterial-based processes gained more attraction for wastewater treatment. Graphene and related derivatives are being used rapidly for removal
of different types of pollutants from water. Graphene is a two-dimensional single
layer carbon sheets with a honeycomb-like structure. Graphene and its derivatives
like graphene oxide have very high specific surface area and photoelectrical properties. These types of nanomaterials have been used for PPCPs removal. The studies
indicated that these materials are promising in PPCPs removal (Zhang et al. 2016).
However, it was noticed that the efficiency of these nanomaterials depends on types
of PPCPs and their physiochemical properties. Also, the influence of pH and contact
time has significant effects on the removal efficacy of the nano-adsorbents. Though
these types of nanomaterial are found to be promising, till date only laboratory-scale
batch studies with synthetic wastewater has been investigated. Detail investigation
including column and pilot scale studies with PPCPS containing real wastewater is
needed for understanding the suitability of these materials in water management.
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have also been used for PPCPs removal from water. Like
graphene, CNTs also have very high surface area and excellent electrical properties.
Different types of PPCPs like ketoprofen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan have been removed from water using CNT (Zhang et al. 2016). Also, triclosan,
ibuprofen, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, caffeine, prometryn, carbendazim, and
4-acetylamino-antipyrine could be removed from water using multi-walled CNT
(Wang and Wang 2016). All the above studies indicated that CNT has very high
PPCPs serration capacity from water. However, the separation efficacy of CNT was
found to be depended of the surface chemistry and physiochemical properties of
CNT and the PPCPs.
S. Manna et al.
10.5.4.2 Metal-organic Framework
Metal-organic framework containing a metal ion and organic species is an interesting
synthetic material, promising for wastewater treatment for its porous structure in
micro-porous or mesoporous range (Vogna et al. 2004; Barea et al. 2014; DeCoste
and Peterson 2014; Furukawa et al. 2013; Jhung et al. 2012; Wu et al. 2012; Yang
et al. 2013). Also, it can be modified easily with desired functional groups (Hwang
et al. 2008; Khan et al. 2013). Still now, many virgin and functionalized metalorganic framework had been used for the separation of various hazardous chemicals
(Barea et al. 2014; DeCoste and Peterson 2014; Jhung et al. 2012; Khan et al. 2013;
Ahmed and Jhung 2016; Hasan and Jhung 2015; Jiang et al. 2013). For use in water
purification, this type of materials should be functionalized with specific groups
(Bhadra et al. 2015). Recently, two metal-organic framework had been functionalized
in their acid and basic sites and used to remove PPCPs from water (Hasan et al.
2013; Hasan et al. 2012). The study indicated that the removal efficiencies of the
functionalized materials were enough. However, much more study in detail is needed
to establish the efficacy of these types of materials in PPCPs removal.
10.5.4.3 Nanomaterials
In recent times, nanomaterial-based processes gained more attraction for wastewater treatment. Graphene and related derivatives are being used rapidly for removal
of different types of pollutants from water. Graphene is a two-dimensional single
layer carbon sheets with a honeycomb-like structure. Graphene and its derivatives
like graphene oxide have very high specific surface area and photoelectrical properties. These types of nanomaterials have been used for PPCPs removal. The studies
indicated that these materials are promising in PPCPs removal (Zhang et al. 2016).
However, it was noticed that the efficiency of these nanomaterials depends on types
of PPCPs and their physiochemical properties. Also, the influence of pH and contact
time has significant effects on the removal efficacy of the nano-adsorbents. Though
these types of nanomaterial are found to be promising, till date only laboratory-scale
batch studies with synthetic wastewater has been investigated. Detail investigation
including column and pilot scale studies with PPCPS containing real wastewater is
needed for understanding the suitability of these materials in water management.
Carbon nanotubes (CNT) have also been used for PPCPs removal from water. Like
graphene, CNTs also have very high surface area and excellent electrical properties.
Different types of PPCPs like ketoprofen, carbamazepine, sulfamethoxazole, and triclosan have been removed from water using CNT (Zhang et al. 2016). Also, triclosan,
ibuprofen, acetaminophen, carbamazepine, caffeine, prometryn, carbendazim, and
4-acetylamino-antipyrine could be removed from water using multi-walled CNT
(Wang and Wang 2016). All the above studies indicated that CNT has very high
PPCPs serration capacity from water. However, the separation efficacy of CNT was
found to be depended of the surface chemistry and physiochemical properties of
CNT and the PPCPs.