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S. Manna et al.
Frimmel 2000). On the other hand, Rosal et al. (2009) used a catalyst along with
ozone to remove solid alkyd resin. They reported that the addition of TiO 2 as catalyst
with ozone at pH 5 can remove PPCPs completely in less than 10 min. However,
further detail study is needed to establish the superiority of the ozone-based processes
as total organic carbon removal efficiency is not sufficient for these processes. Also,
the more studies should be done to confirm that the intermediate by-products not
harmful.
10.5.3.2 UV Irradiation
Use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation for water treatment is very popular. It usually used
as disinfecting agent for drinking water. Due to its photolysis activity, UV light is also
being used to remove PPCPs from water (Kim et al. 2009). However, UV photolysis is
reported to be not effective ways for all types of PPCPs (Vogna et al. 2004). Recently,
PPCPs degradation potential of UV light is enhanced by combining them with a
catalyst. Yuan et al. (2011) have used hydrogen peroxide in combination with UV
radiation for the removal of antibiotics from water. The mechanisms of UV/H 2 O 2
system are generation of oxide radicals in the presence of UV and oxidation of
PPCPs. Till now many researchers had attempted to use UV/H 2 O 2 combination for
the removal of PPCPs from water (Kim et al. 2009; Rosenfeldt and Linden 2004; De la
Cruz et al. 2012; Keen and Linden 2013; Ma et al. 2015). The studies showed that the
UV/hydrogen peroxide system was very efficient for many types of PPCPs. However,
it showed less promising for many other PPCPs. This pointing out that more studies
in detail is necessary to establish the applicability of the UV/H 2 O 2 -based process in
PPCPs removal. Also, their effect in the presence of organic matters, metallic ions,
and suspended particles should also be monitored in detail.
10.5.3.3 Fenton Oxidation
PPCPs removal through Fenton oxidation is another very popular oxidation technique. Similar to the other oxidation techniques, Fenton process also depends on the
generation and activity of hydroxyl radicals. Different types of Fenton processes and
their mechanisms are discussed in detail by Feng et al. (2013) and (Bokare and Choi
2014). Till now, Fenton process has utilized widely to remove PPCPs from wastewater (Feng et al. 2005; Bautitz and Nogueira 2007; Veloutsou et al. 2014; Boaventura
2014; Annabi et al. 2016; Wan and Wang 2016; Polo et al. 2016; Trovó et al. 2008;
Goi et al. 2008; Kaczmarek and Lis 2009; Ay and Kargi 2010; Michael et al. 2010;
Dirany et al. 2011; Li et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2013). The literature presented above
indicated that almost all the PPCPs could be degraded by Fenton oxidation. However,
these processes also produce toxic secondary by-products. Thus, more detail studies
on the toxicity analysis of PPCPs by-products are needed before the implementation
of this process in the wastewater treatment.
S. Manna et al.
Frimmel 2000). On the other hand, Rosal et al. (2009) used a catalyst along with
ozone to remove solid alkyd resin. They reported that the addition of TiO 2 as catalyst
with ozone at pH 5 can remove PPCPs completely in less than 10 min. However,
further detail study is needed to establish the superiority of the ozone-based processes
as total organic carbon removal efficiency is not sufficient for these processes. Also,
the more studies should be done to confirm that the intermediate by-products not
harmful.
10.5.3.2 UV Irradiation
Use of ultraviolet (UV) radiation for water treatment is very popular. It usually used
as disinfecting agent for drinking water. Due to its photolysis activity, UV light is also
being used to remove PPCPs from water (Kim et al. 2009). However, UV photolysis is
reported to be not effective ways for all types of PPCPs (Vogna et al. 2004). Recently,
PPCPs degradation potential of UV light is enhanced by combining them with a
catalyst. Yuan et al. (2011) have used hydrogen peroxide in combination with UV
radiation for the removal of antibiotics from water. The mechanisms of UV/H 2 O 2
system are generation of oxide radicals in the presence of UV and oxidation of
PPCPs. Till now many researchers had attempted to use UV/H 2 O 2 combination for
the removal of PPCPs from water (Kim et al. 2009; Rosenfeldt and Linden 2004; De la
Cruz et al. 2012; Keen and Linden 2013; Ma et al. 2015). The studies showed that the
UV/hydrogen peroxide system was very efficient for many types of PPCPs. However,
it showed less promising for many other PPCPs. This pointing out that more studies
in detail is necessary to establish the applicability of the UV/H 2 O 2 -based process in
PPCPs removal. Also, their effect in the presence of organic matters, metallic ions,
and suspended particles should also be monitored in detail.
10.5.3.3 Fenton Oxidation
PPCPs removal through Fenton oxidation is another very popular oxidation technique. Similar to the other oxidation techniques, Fenton process also depends on the
generation and activity of hydroxyl radicals. Different types of Fenton processes and
their mechanisms are discussed in detail by Feng et al. (2013) and (Bokare and Choi
2014). Till now, Fenton process has utilized widely to remove PPCPs from wastewater (Feng et al. 2005; Bautitz and Nogueira 2007; Veloutsou et al. 2014; Boaventura
2014; Annabi et al. 2016; Wan and Wang 2016; Polo et al. 2016; Trovó et al. 2008;
Goi et al. 2008; Kaczmarek and Lis 2009; Ay and Kargi 2010; Michael et al. 2010;
Dirany et al. 2011; Li et al. 2012; Chen et al. 2013). The literature presented above
indicated that almost all the PPCPs could be degraded by Fenton oxidation. However,
these processes also produce toxic secondary by-products. Thus, more detail studies
on the toxicity analysis of PPCPs by-products are needed before the implementation
of this process in the wastewater treatment.