238
S. Manna et al.
is a by-product of ethoxylation process of some cleansing and moisturizing product. It often found as contaminant in cosmetics and personal care products like
shampoos, deodorants, mouthwashes, and toothpastes. This chemical is known to be
carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and toxic to respiratory.
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol is an antimicrobial agent and used as preservative for shampoos and cosmetics. It often breaks down into nitrosamines which is
toxic in nature. This chemical is toxic to gastro-intestine, immune system, skin, and
liver.
Acrylamide is an impurity of polyacrylamide which is used as binding, thickening,
or flocculating agents in cosmetics. It causes cancer to kidneys, liver, testes, and
spleen.
Aluminum salts are used as antiperspirants in deodorant which is known to be
linked with Alzheimer’s and breast cancer.
Benzyl alcohol is being used as precursor for various esters used in the making of
soap, perfume, and flavoring agents. It is often used in e-liquid of e-cigarettes as a
flavoring agent. It may cause allergy upon contact to skin. It causes gasping syndrome
to neonatal and produce necrosis. Butylated hydroxytoluene is used as food additive,
antioxidants, and in fragrance. It often causes skin, eye, and lung irritation and toxic
to immune system.
10.5 Removal Strategies for Personal Care Products
and Pharmaceuticals
In recent years, different types of processes are being tried for removal of PPCPs
from wastewater. All the processes used till date for PPCPs removal are discussed in
the following subsections.
10.5.1 Flocculation and Coagulation
Flocculation and coagulation are very simple and popular methods for the separation
of many pollutants from wastewater by using flocculants or coagulants. In their study,
Ternes et al. (2002) had tried to remove diclofenac, carbamazepine, clofibric acid,
bezafibrate, and primidone from wastewater by precipitating with ferric chloride.
However, they fund that removal efficiency for all the five pollutants were less than
10%. They also found that other process like degradation with ozone and adsorption
by charcoal is much better option for PPCPs removal than coagulation. In a similar
study, Carballa et al. (2007) used ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and aluminum
polychloride for removal of seven different types of PPCPs which include galaxolide,
tonalide, diazepam, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac from water.
Their report indicated that only galaxolide and tonalide had the highest removal
S. Manna et al.
is a by-product of ethoxylation process of some cleansing and moisturizing product. It often found as contaminant in cosmetics and personal care products like
shampoos, deodorants, mouthwashes, and toothpastes. This chemical is known to be
carcinogenic, nephrotoxic, neurotoxic, and toxic to respiratory.
2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol is an antimicrobial agent and used as preservative for shampoos and cosmetics. It often breaks down into nitrosamines which is
toxic in nature. This chemical is toxic to gastro-intestine, immune system, skin, and
liver.
Acrylamide is an impurity of polyacrylamide which is used as binding, thickening,
or flocculating agents in cosmetics. It causes cancer to kidneys, liver, testes, and
spleen.
Aluminum salts are used as antiperspirants in deodorant which is known to be
linked with Alzheimer’s and breast cancer.
Benzyl alcohol is being used as precursor for various esters used in the making of
soap, perfume, and flavoring agents. It is often used in e-liquid of e-cigarettes as a
flavoring agent. It may cause allergy upon contact to skin. It causes gasping syndrome
to neonatal and produce necrosis. Butylated hydroxytoluene is used as food additive,
antioxidants, and in fragrance. It often causes skin, eye, and lung irritation and toxic
to immune system.
10.5 Removal Strategies for Personal Care Products
and Pharmaceuticals
In recent years, different types of processes are being tried for removal of PPCPs
from wastewater. All the processes used till date for PPCPs removal are discussed in
the following subsections.
10.5.1 Flocculation and Coagulation
Flocculation and coagulation are very simple and popular methods for the separation
of many pollutants from wastewater by using flocculants or coagulants. In their study,
Ternes et al. (2002) had tried to remove diclofenac, carbamazepine, clofibric acid,
bezafibrate, and primidone from wastewater by precipitating with ferric chloride.
However, they fund that removal efficiency for all the five pollutants were less than
10%. They also found that other process like degradation with ozone and adsorption
by charcoal is much better option for PPCPs removal than coagulation. In a similar
study, Carballa et al. (2007) used ferric chloride, aluminum sulfate, and aluminum
polychloride for removal of seven different types of PPCPs which include galaxolide,
tonalide, diazepam, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, naproxen, and diclofenac from water.
Their report indicated that only galaxolide and tonalide had the highest removal