170
T. Sahoo et al.
These alpha particles start decaying leading to eject electrons from water and produce
a number of reactive substances which cause damage to cell by the attack of hydroxyl
radical (Hubaux et al. 2012; Riley 1994). Non-irradiated cells can also get damaged
due to the release of harmful by-products from the irradiated cells (Zhou et al. 2000).
There are facts which reflect that the reason behind the occurring of injury to lung
tissue cells by alpha particles is mainly because of chromosomal damage occurring in
nearby non-irradiated cells. Moreover, in carcinogenesis induced by radon, there are
noticeable levels of cytokines in the alpha particle radiation-affected cells (Kobielska
et al. 2018).
7.13 Conclusion
Many hazardous chemicals are available which cause interference in the natural and
biological processes and seriously affect balance of the nature. Human beings when
exposed to these chemicals cause the growth and risk of cancer. Water is lifeline
for all the living beings. The growing rate of population and pollution has already
caused scarcity of pure drinking water. Discharge of heavy metal and contaminants
of emerging concern has injected poison to it, thereby triggering the risk of various kinds of life-threatening cancers. Sustainable techniques are needed in order to
ensure water purification and protecting the future generation by saving the available water sources. A wide range of emerging contaminants are available globally
which has tarnished the natural beauty and purity of the environment like personal
care products, lifestyle, ionic liquid, food additive, by-products generated from water
treatment techniques, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc. It is highly needed to develop
methods in order to identify carcinogenic activity of the chemical before disposal.
The contaminants of emerging concern need to be managed by minimizing toxic discharges directly to freshwater sources, generation of less amount of wastes, proper
waste disposal and more research and development in properly enhancing the quality
and effectiveness of the existing wastewater treatment systems.
References
Abdallah, EAM, Gagnon GA (2009) Arsenic removal from groundwater through iron oxyhydroxide
coated waste products. Can J Civ Eng 36(5):881–888
Ahrens L, Felizeter S, Sturm R, Xie Z, Ebinghaus R (2009) Polyfluorinated compounds in waste
water treatment plant effluents and surface waters along the River Elbe, Germany. Marine Poll
Bull 58(9):1326–1333
Aljandali A, Pollack H, Yeldandi A, Yuyu LI, Weitzman SA, Kamp DW (2001) Asbestos
causes apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells: role of iron-induced free radicals. J Lab Clin Med
137(5):330–339
Arif M, Hussain I, Hussain J, Sharma S, Kumar S (2012) Fluoride in the drinking water of Nagaur
Tehsil of Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88(6):870–875
T. Sahoo et al.
These alpha particles start decaying leading to eject electrons from water and produce
a number of reactive substances which cause damage to cell by the attack of hydroxyl
radical (Hubaux et al. 2012; Riley 1994). Non-irradiated cells can also get damaged
due to the release of harmful by-products from the irradiated cells (Zhou et al. 2000).
There are facts which reflect that the reason behind the occurring of injury to lung
tissue cells by alpha particles is mainly because of chromosomal damage occurring in
nearby non-irradiated cells. Moreover, in carcinogenesis induced by radon, there are
noticeable levels of cytokines in the alpha particle radiation-affected cells (Kobielska
et al. 2018).
7.13 Conclusion
Many hazardous chemicals are available which cause interference in the natural and
biological processes and seriously affect balance of the nature. Human beings when
exposed to these chemicals cause the growth and risk of cancer. Water is lifeline
for all the living beings. The growing rate of population and pollution has already
caused scarcity of pure drinking water. Discharge of heavy metal and contaminants
of emerging concern has injected poison to it, thereby triggering the risk of various kinds of life-threatening cancers. Sustainable techniques are needed in order to
ensure water purification and protecting the future generation by saving the available water sources. A wide range of emerging contaminants are available globally
which has tarnished the natural beauty and purity of the environment like personal
care products, lifestyle, ionic liquid, food additive, by-products generated from water
treatment techniques, pesticides, pharmaceuticals, etc. It is highly needed to develop
methods in order to identify carcinogenic activity of the chemical before disposal.
The contaminants of emerging concern need to be managed by minimizing toxic discharges directly to freshwater sources, generation of less amount of wastes, proper
waste disposal and more research and development in properly enhancing the quality
and effectiveness of the existing wastewater treatment systems.
References
Abdallah, EAM, Gagnon GA (2009) Arsenic removal from groundwater through iron oxyhydroxide
coated waste products. Can J Civ Eng 36(5):881–888
Ahrens L, Felizeter S, Sturm R, Xie Z, Ebinghaus R (2009) Polyfluorinated compounds in waste
water treatment plant effluents and surface waters along the River Elbe, Germany. Marine Poll
Bull 58(9):1326–1333
Aljandali A, Pollack H, Yeldandi A, Yuyu LI, Weitzman SA, Kamp DW (2001) Asbestos
causes apoptosis in alveolar epithelial cells: role of iron-induced free radicals. J Lab Clin Med
137(5):330–339
Arif M, Hussain I, Hussain J, Sharma S, Kumar S (2012) Fluoride in the drinking water of Nagaur
Tehsil of Nagaur district, Rajasthan, India. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 88(6):870–875