86
S. Mohapatra et al.
Table 3.2 Half-life of 34 pharmaceuticals measured along the river segments (N = 4) (Reprinted
with permission from Acuña et al., copyright Elsevier, 2015)
Group of Pharmaceuticals
Pharmaceuticals
Half-life time (h)
Analgesics and anti-inflammatories
Acetaminophen
2 ± 1
Codeine
3 ± 0.9
Diclofenac
2 ± 0.5
Hydrocodone
4 ± 2.2
Ibuprofen
2 ± 1.1
Ketoprofen
4 ± 2.9
Naproxen
8 ± 12.7
Phenazone
3 ± 2.5
Propyphenazone
21 ± 29.4
Salicylic Acid
6 ± 3.3
Antibiotics
Dimetridazole
34 ± 57.7
Erythromycin
4 ± 2.5
Metronidazole-OH
4 ± 1.7
Ronidazole
13 ± 11.1
Sulfamethoxazole
6 ± 4.9
Trimethoprim
10 ± 14.4
Antihelminthics
Levamisol
4 ± 4.3
Antihypertensives
Irbesartan
22 ± 32.7
Losartan
3 ± 0.4
Valsartan
2 ± 1.0
Ca channel blockers
Verapamil
9 ± 12.8
Antiplatelet agents
Clopidogrel
11 ± 12.2
Diuretics
Furosemide
9.6 ± 15.4
Hydrochlorothiazide
2.1 ± 1.2
Histamine receptor antagonists
Ranitidine
6.4 ± 4.9
Lipid regulators
Bezafibrate
2.9 ± 1.5
Gemfibrozil
2.6 ± 0.5
Psychiatric drugs
Carbamazepine
4.1 ± 2.4
Citalopram
2.8 ± 1.5
Diazepam
28 ± 45.8
Lorazepam
7 ± 6.1
Norfluoxetine
2 ± 0.7
Venlafaxine
3 ± 1.7
β-Blockers
Atenolol
2 ± 1.4