9 Knowledge Exchange at Science-Policy Interfaces …
173
and policymaking exchange with each other are not necessarily the same. While
science is understood to introduce scientific knowledge into the exchange process,
policymakers impart knowledge on practical problems, on social networks or on
administrative or legal processes. This type includes three subtypes:
Type 3.1: Knowledge exchange as coproduction of knowledge. This subtype is
characterised by knowledge exchange between policymakers and scientists, where
scientists carry out a research mandate for public authorities and subsequently coproduce knowledge. This does not mean working together constantly, but it does mean
developing it in an iterative, collaborative way.
Type 3.2: Knowledge exchange by tight collaboration. Like Subtype 3.1, knowledge is exchanged between public authorities and scientists executing a research
mandate. Here, policymakers only give input and feedback to accompany the research
process closely.
Type 3.3: Knowledge exchange by loose collaboration. Again, like Subtypes 3.1
and 3.2, knowledge exchange takes place between public authorities and scientists
executing a research mandate. Here, however, the contact between the two parties is
only “loose”. Policymakers provide feedback only occasionally, and do not follow
the research process closely.
9.4.4 Type 4: Knowledge Exchange Support
The knowledge exchange type “knowledge exchange support” is characterised by
reciprocal knowledge exchange between science and policymaking, but supported
by boundary organisations or individual knowledge advocates. Once again, there are
three subtypes.
Type 4.1: Direct knowledge exchange supported by boundary organisations. This
is characterised by knowledge exchange between scientists and policymakers that
occurs when boundary organisations arrange meetings, workshops, conferences,
excursions and other events where actors meet directly.
Type 4.2: Indirect knowledge exchange supported by boundary organisations.
This describes knowledge exchange processes where science and policymaking do
not meet directly. Instead, knowledge is received from science and imparted to
policymakers through boundary organisations.
Type 4.3: Knowledge exchange supported by knowledge advocates. In this
subtype, individual knowledge advocates enable knowledge exchange between
science and policymaking. This exchange is carried out, e.g. by interns in government agencies. Interns are often simultaneously students at a university, so that public
authorities not only impart knowledge to interns, but also receive scientific knowledge
back from them.
173
and policymaking exchange with each other are not necessarily the same. While
science is understood to introduce scientific knowledge into the exchange process,
policymakers impart knowledge on practical problems, on social networks or on
administrative or legal processes. This type includes three subtypes:
Type 3.1: Knowledge exchange as coproduction of knowledge. This subtype is
characterised by knowledge exchange between policymakers and scientists, where
scientists carry out a research mandate for public authorities and subsequently coproduce knowledge. This does not mean working together constantly, but it does mean
developing it in an iterative, collaborative way.
Type 3.2: Knowledge exchange by tight collaboration. Like Subtype 3.1, knowledge is exchanged between public authorities and scientists executing a research
mandate. Here, policymakers only give input and feedback to accompany the research
process closely.
Type 3.3: Knowledge exchange by loose collaboration. Again, like Subtypes 3.1
and 3.2, knowledge exchange takes place between public authorities and scientists
executing a research mandate. Here, however, the contact between the two parties is
only “loose”. Policymakers provide feedback only occasionally, and do not follow
the research process closely.
9.4.4 Type 4: Knowledge Exchange Support
The knowledge exchange type “knowledge exchange support” is characterised by
reciprocal knowledge exchange between science and policymaking, but supported
by boundary organisations or individual knowledge advocates. Once again, there are
three subtypes.
Type 4.1: Direct knowledge exchange supported by boundary organisations. This
is characterised by knowledge exchange between scientists and policymakers that
occurs when boundary organisations arrange meetings, workshops, conferences,
excursions and other events where actors meet directly.
Type 4.2: Indirect knowledge exchange supported by boundary organisations.
This describes knowledge exchange processes where science and policymaking do
not meet directly. Instead, knowledge is received from science and imparted to
policymakers through boundary organisations.
Type 4.3: Knowledge exchange supported by knowledge advocates. In this
subtype, individual knowledge advocates enable knowledge exchange between
science and policymaking. This exchange is carried out, e.g. by interns in government agencies. Interns are often simultaneously students at a university, so that public
authorities not only impart knowledge to interns, but also receive scientific knowledge
back from them.